Computer Science Essays

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework

Example essay. Published: 9th Apr 2018

Provision of Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework for Bigdata application Ms.S.Rengalakshmi, Mr.S.Alaudeen Basha Abstract: The term big-data refers to the large-scale distribu ...

Cactus Stack Approach with Dijkstra’s Algorithm

Example essay. Published: 19th Apr 2018

Advance Dijkstra’s Algorithm with Cactus Stack Implementation Logic Idea Proposed for the Cactus Stack Approach with Dijkstra’s Algorithm Palak Kalani Nayyar Khan   Abstract— This paper illu ...

Cambridge Engineering Selector CES Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this particular assignment we are going to find the best material for a part of land-based gas turbine. For this research we are going to use the Cambridge Engineering Selector (CFS) software. We a ...

Canada and China: Cybercrime and Cryptocurrency

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Bitcoin, Cyber-crime, Cryptocurrency, Canada, China. Cyber-crime is a byproduct of the information age and is growing very fast worldwide (FBI, 2017). As technology has advanced so have the criminal ...

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining

Example essay. Published: 22nd Jun 2018

Cancer Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data Mining D. JAGADEESWARAN Abstract This paper deals with finding out the possibilities of affliction a person from cancer disease i.e. ...

Capital Shape Alphabet Encoding Based Text Steganography

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

A Capital Shape Alphabet Encoding (CASE) Based Text Steganography Approach Abstract Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender ...

Car Evaluation Using Machine Learning

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Abstract. Cars are essentially part of our regular day to day life. There are various kind of cars produced by different manufacturers; subsequently the buyers has a decision to make ...

Car Rental System Literature Review

Example essay. Published: 18th Jul 2017

The Rental vehicles web system is a web-based that creates by JavaScript. Our software application aims to be a complete solution for a web based car rental broker companies with the support of call c ...

Case Study – OpenStack Networking

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Contents1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to OpenStack Networking 1.2. Objective of case study 1.3. Infrastructure used for case study 1.4. VXLAN Tunnel ...

Case Study of DFA and NFA Implementation

Example essay. Published: 26th Mar 2018

Muhammad Danial Waseem Hania Farooq Table of Contents (Jump to) Digital Social Media Popular Social Media Tools and Platforms Blogs Face book WhatsApp Viber Twitter YouTube Flickr Instagram LinkedI ...

Case Study on Network Management Protocols

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

    Table of Contents Introduction Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Bibliography Introduction AUT i ...

Categories of client-server architecture and problems faced by hures

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Question One: Do you think the problems faced by Hures, both past and present, are unique? Why or why not? I consider the problem faced by Hures, both past and the present are not unique. I understan ...

Cells Breaks the Tor’s Anonymity: Onion Router

Example essay. Published: 9th Apr 2018

Ms. S.SIVARANJANI   Ms. R.BACKIYALAKSHMI B.E, M.Tech.,   Abstract – To hide the communication of users, the anonymity systems pack the application data into equal – sized cells. The size of ...

Cellular Networks and Wireless Data Applications

Example essay. Published: 20th Dec 2017

Introduction Computers and computer networks have changed the way in which we live, run our lives, communicate with each other and the way we work and produce what makes every commercial organisation ...

Central Processing Unit CPU Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

CPU is the abbreviation for Central Processing Unit. The CPU is known as brain of the computers. It is sometimes referred as the central processor but most commonly known as processor. CPU’s are ...

CFD Simulations of a Fluidized Bed Crystallizer

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

The CFD Simulations of a Fluidized Bed Crystallizer Abstract Fluidized-bed crystallizer(FBC) is a kind of widely-used reactors across many industry branches, which has been use ...

Challenges and Countermeasures in Authenticating User in Voice Biometrics

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Is That Your Voice? Abstract— Biometric authentication [1] is a security process thatreliesontheuniquebiologicaltraitsofanindividualtoverify the person. There are many biometric authe ...

Challenges In Web Information Retrieval Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

An overview of Information Retrieval is presented in this chapter. This defines the need of information retrieval. This discusses how the IR problem can be handled. It discusses about the model for ef ...

Characteristics and Advantages of Database Approach

Example essay. Published: 22nd Jun 2018

Describe the main characteristics of the database approach and contrast it with the file-based approach. Analyze the key issues and application of databases within organizational environments. ...

Characteristics and Features of CSS

Example essay. Published: 11th Aug 2017

An inside look at the characteristics and features of CSS by UKessays.com, which was introduced to the world in 1996. ...

Characteristics of a good database design

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to mainly discuss about characteristics of a good database design and a quality design. Main reasons behind writing this report is as part of implementati ...

Characteristics Of A Smartphone Operating System Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In todays world of computerization, you must have heard a lot about programming. Programming refers to a process which carries out a set of instructions to do a particular task. Presently, programming ...

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

IT NETWORK DESIGNING By Name Course Instructor Institution Location Date Introduction Bottler Company deals with the busine ...

Characteristics of Real Time Systems

Example essay. Published: 27th Sep 2017

In this paper we describe the distinguished characteristics of real time systems which can be expressed as a function of time. ...

Characteristics of System Modules

Example essay. Published: 11th Dec 2017

Identify and report the names , purpose and characteristics of system modules such as mother board, power supply, CPU, Memory modules, storage devices, display devices, adaptor cards, ports and cases ...

Cheating Prevention in Multiplayer Online Games

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

Shane Willcox Introduction One of the many modes within most games these days is playing with other players with Online Multiplayer. While most games have a multiplayer mode, some games are based a ...

CI and CD in AWS Code Pipeline

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

  Abstract Software firms are increasingly using and contributing to DevOps software. Many companies now use pipelines for better efficiency. To do this they need to unders ...

Circuit Switching Versus Packet Switching

Example essay. Published: 21st Jun 2018

Nurhazimah Binti Mohd Za’ba Nursyafikah Binti Farakkasi  Nursyahirah Binti Mohd Sanusi  Nur Hidayu Binti Salleh Nur Syafiqah Binti Zulkiflee Nurul Ain Binti Mohd Nassir Adabi ABSTRACT The purpo ...

Cisco Systems Architecture: ERP and Web-enabled IT

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Background  Cisco System was founded in 1984 by two Stanford computer scientists, Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack1,2. The company was built on the vision of a “New World Network1. ...

Classification Of Facility Layout Problems

Example essay. Published: 8th May 2017

The purpose of this literature review is to explore the general facility layout problem, the dynamic facility layout problem, the models that have been used to represent the facility layout problem an ...

Classification of Food and Restaurant Images using CNNs

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Classification of Food and Restaurant Images using CNNs Abstract Over the last decade, quantum leaps in deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) hav ...

Classification of Liver lesions by Using CNN in CT Images

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Abstract— Deep learning is a general term for dealing with a complicated neural network with multiple layers. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is a type of d ...

Classifications and Functions of Operating Systems (OS)

Example essay. Published: 11th Jul 2017

First operating system was developed by IBM with a young man named Bill Gates, this could run on different computers from different manufacturers, it was called DOS (Disk Operating System), but differences between the parties did not set off a pitch. ...

Client Server Computing and Content Management Systems

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Table of Contents Client-Server Computing Uses of Client-Server Computing Client-Server Computing evolved Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages ...

Client Server Network Architecture Essay

Example essay. Published: 11th Dec 2017

Abstract This report is about the client server network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client which is low end computer which request services and or a serve ...

Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems

Example essay. Published: 29th Mar 2018

Program Slicing based Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems Ishu Singla Rajesh Bhatia   Abstract— Program slicing is an efficient technique for understanding programs by simplifying them. I ...

Cloud Computing in Educational Institutions

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

Education plays a crucial position in preserving the financial growth of a country. Now a days the lecture room coaching is changing and college students are turning into extra technology oriented a ...

Cloud Computing Literature Review Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

[Michael et al. 2010] Cloud computing is the IT liberation model that provides infrastructure and computer resources as service. In an organization, the information is shared by implementing the priva ...

Cloud Computing Service Level Agreement and Governance

Example essay. Published: 18th Apr 2018

Service Level Agreement and Governance for Cloud Computing The contractual side of a service level agreement (SLA) and governance for cloud computing Ali Raslan   Abstract In the world of informat ...

Cloud Computing with Machine Learning for Cancer Diagnosis

Example essay. Published: 3rd Apr 2018

Cloud computing with Machine Learning could help us in the early diagnosis of breast cancer Junaid Ahmad Bhat, Prof. Vinai George and Dr. Bilal Malik   Abstract— The purpose of this study is to ...

Cloud Computing: Security and Infrastructure

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Table of Contents Introduction Cloud security and infrastructure Application and impact of the research area Large Businesses Small Businesses ...

Cluster Computing: History, Applications and Benefits

Example essay. Published: 26th Mar 2018

Abstract This report will provide a detailed review of the cluster computing. In this report we look at the birth of cluster computing till the present and the future direction the technology is head ...

Code-based Plagiarism Detection Techniques

Example essay. Published: 3rd Apr 2018

Biraj Upadhyaya and Dr. Samarjeet Borah   Abstract- The copying of programming assignments by students specially at the undergraduate as well as postgraduate level is a common practice. Efficient ...

Communication Satellites And Computer Networks

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2017

A communication satellite which is sometimes abbreviated to COMSAT is an artificial satellite to engage in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communication satellites use different or ...

Comparative Analysis of Rank Techniques

Example essay. Published: 22nd Jun 2018

Abstract There is paramount web data available in the form of web pages on the World Wide Web (WWW). So whenever a user makes a query, a lot of search results having different web links corresponding ...

Comparative Study of 6T and 8T SRAM Using Tanner Tool

Example essay. Published: 4th Apr 2018

Rajnarayan Sharma, Ravi Antil, Jonish Abstract— in this paper we focus on the dynamic power dissipation during the Write operation in CMOS SRAM cell. The charging and discharging of bit lines co ...

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification Methods

Example essay. Published: 29th Mar 2018

CHAPTER 7 TESTING AND RESULTS 7.0 Introduction to Software Testing Software testing is the process of executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors or termed as bugs or, it involves ...

Compare Windows And Linux Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

An Operating system is software that lets the user interface with the computer and also manages number of applications. Most number of PC’s has built in Operating system installed. Operating sys ...

Comparing and Contrast Jean Bartik and Margaret Hamilton

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

Software engineering; hearing this term brings to mind words corresponding to innovating, analyzing complex problems, designing software, and maintenance of programs. People picture a  stubborn n ...

Comparison Between ARM 7TDMI-S and Intel 80386DX Architecture

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Table of Contents 1. ARM 7TDMI-S Architecture 1.1 Mapping from ARM 7TDMI-S to Von Neumann Architecture 2. Intel 80386DX Architecture 2.1 M ...

Comparison Between Lan And Wan Architecture Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

We have been given this assignment to discuss about the awareness of technologies that are related to the internet and the topic Internet application which we have decided that my topic will be Compar ...

Comparison between SOAP and REST

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

Dickriven Chellemboyee Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction to Software Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture Resource-Oriented Architecture Web service SOAP REST RESTful Features ...

Comparison of Database and File Storage

Example essay. Published: 26th Mar 2018

Author: Noronjon Qalandarov CONTENTS (Jump to) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS AND METHODOLOGIES 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Technologies and definitions 3.1.1 RDBMS 3.1.2 Native XML DB ...

Comparison Of Different Types Of Ic Design Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The topic of this assignment is to compare on different types of IC design. Therefore, we must first understand the meaning of IC. An IC, integrated circuit, is also known as microcircuit, microchip, ...

Comparison of Join algorithms in MapReduce Framework

Example essay. Published: 3rd Apr 2018

Mani Bhushan, Balaraj J, Oinam Martina Devi   Abstract: In the current technological world, there is generation of enormous data each and every day by different media and social networks. The MapR ...

Comparison of Land Line & Mobile Phones

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

Cell phone has become a part of our daily life. Let it be business deals, any personal work or meetings everything today can be done with the help of mobile phone. ...

Comparison of Operating Systems

Example essay. Published: 25th May 2017

Abstract: The main aim of the paper is to clearly distinguish the Comparison between the Linux, Windows Network operating System and Amoeba Distributed operating System. This paper explains clearly ab ...

Comparison Of Persistence Framework Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Compare and contrast the following persistence frameworks: Java Persistence API (JPA), Hibernate and Java Database Connectivity. What improvements were made in EJB3.1 and JPA2? Include topics of scala ...

Comparison Of RC5 And RC6 Block

Example essay. Published: 1st May 2017

Due to rapid growth in Internet and networks applications so the needs to protect such applications are increased. Encryption algorithms play a main role in information security systems. So it is desi ...

Comparison of the OSI and TCP

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction There is a significant number of computers that is used by many global organizations and institutions in order to support their activities. For example, a corporation with many branches m ...

Comparison of Triple DES and RC4

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Triple DES, aka “3DES” is a cryptography method based on the Data Encryption Standard (DES). DES is a block cipher designed to encrypt and decrypt data blocks that contain 64 bits by utilizing a 64-bit key. ...

Comparison On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Computers have brought tremendous improvement in technologies especially the speed of computer and reduced data storage cost which lead to create huge volumes of data. Data itself has no value, unless ...

Comparison on Computation Cost of the Cloud

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

In this chapter, we list the comparison on computation cost of the cloud for file upload between … and our scheme. Computational Cost Data access issues in the field of the cloud computing provide ...

Compensation techniques for 50 Gbps Duobinary System

Example essay. Published: 26th Jul 2018

In this paper, the performance of duobinary system is analysed by using different dispersion compensation techniques. ...

Components Of A Good Password Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Computer manufacturer and OS developers often build and deliver systems in default modes to secure the system from external attacks. From developer’s view this is the most efficient mode of prod ...

Comprehensive Study on Big Data Technologies and Challenges

Example essay. Published: 3rd Apr 2018

Abstract: Big Data is at the heart of modern science and business. Big Data has recently emerged as a new paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the Internet. It offers huge opportunities ...

Computer and its effects on human life

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction: When computers were first invented in the 1970’s it had a big effect on people’s lives all around the world. “Stop and imagine life without computers”. Today li ...

Computer Break-In Ethics Essay

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

What do I define as Ethical? To me, ethical is equivalent to morally right. It can be thought of as the expression done when you consider the feelings of those who are or will be directly affected b ...

Computer Dynamics Network Proposal

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Computer Dynamics is a company with 300 computers in three adjacent five-story building with 100 computers in each building. The LAN’s are similar in each building with a data center is locate ...

Computer Fraud

Example essay. Published: 9th Dec 2020

Task 1 (6.c)Importance and Effectiveness of Legal Regulation in Computer Fraud Introduction In today’s world due to the advancement in the modern technology there has been always problem arising ...

Computer Generated 3D Animation Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Computer animation (or CGI animation) is the art of creating moving images with the use of computers. Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are still ...

Computer Hardware Output Devices Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

When we used computer we have to know the components of the computer. There are two part are very important to operate the computer. It was input and output device. Input device allow us and other sys ...

Computer Is Derived From The Latin Term Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The word Computer is derived from the Latin term computare which means to calculate. THAKUR computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with information. A computer is electronic device ...

Computer Networks – OS Theory and Concepts

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

1.OS Abstraction and process management (a) Hardware Abstraction Layer Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) is a programming layer that allows operating systems (referred to as OS h ...

Computer Science Dice Game

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

My program was relatively successful, however it did have a few flaws, some I could fix, some that I couldn’t work out how to fix. The gameplay is quite user-friendly with visual aids and simplistic controls, and resolves any ties or mistakes, either in a good or a bad way, unfortunately. ...

Computer Science Essays – Internet Security

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Internet Security. Abstract Online users today are faced with multitude of problems and issues. A typical online user is vulnerable to virus, worms, bugs, Trojan horses etc.; he/she is also exposed to ...

Computer Science Essays – VB Net

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Microsoft VB.NET is part of the .NETframework. Discuss the impact of VB.NET on the Visual Basic programmer. Abstract The impact of the introduction of the .NET framework withspecific reference to the ...

Computer Security And The Threat Of Hacking Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Computer security is a safety operating system that is an important feature to install on a computer. It ensures safety and protection from unknown users and threats. If a safety operating system is ...

Computer Virus Questions And Answers Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In the next couple of paragraphs’ I’m going to go over computer viruses. And what I’m going to tell u is that I hade several questions about computer viruses and what they do .comput ...

Computer Vision In Bad Weather.

Example essay. Published: 29th Mar 2018

Saswati Rakshit     Aim: To take advantage of bad weather in estimation of depth of a scene from its image. As in bad weather atmosphere modulates original information of an image to the observer s ...

Computerised Hotel Maintenance Systems

Example essay. Published: 17th May 2017

I intend to develop a computerised Hotel maintenance system for Global Grange Hotel. The proposed system would help to organise & manage the Maintenance department in an efficient manner in order ...

Concept Of Facilities Planning And Plant Layout Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Background of the problem Today s manufacturing industry is facing problems that have been growing in size and complexity over the last several years. As a result, there is an immediate need for proce ...

Concepts and Applications of Deep Learning

Example essay. Published: 9th Apr 2018

Abstract: Since 2006, Deep Learning, also known as Hierarchal Leaning has been evolved as a new field of Machine Learning Research. The deep learning model deals with problems on which shallow archit ...

Concepts and Features of Game Engines

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

This UKEssays report covers what consumers and entry-level developers should know about the Concepts and Features of Game Engines, such as how they work and what they’re used for. ...

Concepts and Research into Green Networking

Example essay. Published: 5th Apr 2018

Green Networking Abstract: Saving of excessive energy consumption is becoming a key concern in networking, because of theprobable economical benefits. These concerns, usually argued to as “green ne ...

Concepts And Technology Of Data Etl Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Extraction-Transformation-Loading (ETL) is the process of moving data flow various sources into a data warehouse. In this research we will analyze the concept of ETL and illustrating using example of ...

Concepts in Differential Privacy

Example essay. Published: 19th Apr 2018

Abstract Stored data in search log is insecure process to the search engine. Search log contains extremely sensitive data, as evidenced by the AOL incident. To Store information in the search log is ...

Conditional Statement Strategies for Code Obfuscation

Example essay. Published: 18th Apr 2018

Chandan Kumar Behera, Pawan Kumar, D. Lalitha Bhaskari   Abstract Obfuscated code syntax has been set intentionally unclear. Different obfuscation techniques may have different impacts on the sour ...

Construct A Script By Using Scapy Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Wireless network generally can be defined as a network which is set up by using radio signal frequency to communicate among computers and other network devices. Wireless networks known as WiFi network ...

Content Based Image Retrieval System Project

Example essay. Published: 22nd Jun 2018

An Efficient Content-based Image Retrieval System Integrating Wavelet-based Image Sub-blocks with Dominant Colors and Texture Analysis ABSTRACT Multimedia information retrieval is a part of computer ...

Content-based Image Retrieval With Ant Colony Optimization

Example essay. Published: 3rd Apr 2018

Content-based image retrieval with skin tones and shapes using Ant colony optimization Introduction: Due to the enormous pool of image data, a plenty of data to be sort out has lead the way for analy ...

Content-Based Video Retrieval Method

Example essay. Published: 22nd Jun 2018

An Approach for Analyzing keyframes based on Self Adaptive Threshold and Scene Descriptors Suruthi.K, Tamil Selvan.T, Velu.S, Maheswaran.R, Kumaresan.A Abstract In this paper, we propose a CBVR (co ...

Control on Remote Sensing Network Using Cloud Computing

Example essay. Published: 4th Apr 2018

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS The system requirements usually specify the needs of the system to accomplish the project successfully and the requirements can be classified as software and hardware re ...

Controlling Ip Spoofing Through Interdomain Packet Filter Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Distributed Denial-of-Service attack is a serious threat to the valid use of the Internet. Prevention mechanisms are disillusioned by the ability of attackers to spoof the source addresses in IP p ...

Conventionally Broadcast Encryption (BE) Schemes

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

ABSTRACT Conventionally broadcast encryption (BE) schemes enable a sender to securely broadcast to any subset of members, however it requires a trusted party to circulate decryption keys. Group key ...

Convolution Neural Network to Construct Model of Text Recognition

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Abstract Recognizing handwritten character is still problematic. So that is the reason neural network has ended up as essential technique for recognizing character now days. The purpose ...

Creating an Information Security Policy

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Being relegated as the Chief Security Officer for the University is a requesting position and I mean to speak to the University in an expert matter. My first task is setting up and keeping up a vent ...

Creating an IT Infrastructure Asset List

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

Abstract This document was created following Lab #1 titled Creating an IT Infrastructure Asses List and Identifying Where Privacy Data Resides in the laboratory manual that accompanies Legal Issues ...

Creation of an Online Prescence

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

Scenario Assignment No 1 of 1- Sit 1 As an IT administrator for ACS (Awesome Clothing Store), you are responsible for the company’s infrastructure including its online presence. The company ha ...

Creation of Traffic Light Circuit

Example essay. Published: 7th Aug 2017

  Introduction Traffic lights or traffic signals is used to control the traffic and to supervised motorist and pedestrians. The lights alternate accorded to users by displaying “green” ...