Computer Science Essays

Introduction To Microsoft Excel Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

INTRODUCTION MS-Excel is made of grid of rows and columns, which know as spreadsheet or electrician sheet or worksheet. In a Worksheet the intersection of row and column is called cell. In it columns ...

Introduction To Microsoft Office Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

PowerPoint uses a graphical approach to presentations in the form of slide shows that accompany the oral delivery of the topic. This program is widely used in business and classroomsand is an eff ...

Introduction To Microsoft Word Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Microsoft Word is a non-free commercial word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for ...

Introduction to MS Excel

Example essay. Published: 6th Jul 2017

Microsoft Word is a powerful word-processing program that will take your documents far beyond what you can produce with a typewriter. Whether you want to create a simple letter to a friend, produce a ...

Introduction To Operating System Security In Chromium Os Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Operating system is the field in computer science which sees major changes as it has to keep up with the user demands and the advancements in technology. Cloud computing is one such aspect which chang ...

Introduction To Rubber Tree Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Rubber tree is a tree that is used by the world community to collect the product. The product from rubber trees not only wood but also sap. However, the main product is rubber latex itself. Rubber tre ...

Introduction Why Use OPNET Modeler Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

OPNET Modeler is a very good tool for network designing and simulation. OPNET Modeler was selected because most of the wired and wireless network components are available in the OPNET 15.0 Modeler. In ...

Intrusion Detection System Case Study

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Abstract Intrusion Detection system (IDS) has become powerful to provide security against the attack. It will help us to identify the deterring and deflecting malicious attacks over the network [1]. ...

Inverse Matrix Condition Number

Example essay. Published: 22nd Jun 2018

Inverse Matrix and Condition No. Saswati Rakshit Contents (Jump to) Aim Scope/Applications Introduction/Basics Objective System Flow Mathematics Figure/Descriptions Future Works References Aim: Con ...

IoT Traffic Prediction Using Multi-step Ahead Prediction with Neural Network

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

IoT traffic prediction using multi-step ahead prediction with neural network Abstract-The Internet of Things (IoT) is basically a network of interconnected devices, like sensors and sma ...

Ipad Is The Best Tablet Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

IPad a computer that is a type of a tablet, and it was developed by the Apple Company. Apple designed and marketed the IPad especially for the media which include books, periodicals, movies, music, an ...

Ipv4 Internet Protocol Security Features Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

There are many articles about IP v 4 and IP v 6 internet protocol and mostly of articles describes IPv6 more secure internet protocol, but I came across with one article from Cisco and my work I&#8217 ...

Is True Artificial Intelligence Possible with Current Technology and Programming Methods?

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

INTRODUCTION Why we do research Conducting research on a specific topic assists a researcher to gain knowledge over areas of value and interest, researches then have options to ...

ISO 27001 Standard Summary

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

A blueprint of ISO 27001 There are no less than two forms of ISO/IEC 27001. The 2005 form and the 2013 adaptation. Both renditions are very comparative with some minor contrasts, in light of changin ...

Issues with Cameras and Privacy in Modern Day Technology

Example essay. Published: 26th Mar 2018

Scam Cams Nick Doran   Introduction and Significance of Issue As a citizen, governmental laws have always played a major role in the way we conduct ourselves. Whether it’s when we vote or when we ...

Java Multithreaded Genetic Algorithm In Solving Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Time table problem is a kind of scheduling problems with many variations. It defines a class of hard-to-solve constrained optimization problems of combinatorial nature (Bhaduri, 2009, p.289). Constrai ...

K Means Clustering With Decision Tree Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The K-means clustering data mining algorithm is commonly used to find the clusters due to its simplicity of implementation and fast execution. After applying the K-means clustering algorithm on a data ...

Kafka V/s RabbitMQ Queuing Systems

Example essay. Published: 10th Aug 2017

Queuing systems are asynchronous in nature which are built to transfer the data from producer to consumer (mainly known as PUB-SUB model). This whole architecture is known as Message Oriented Middle ...

Land As Defined By Ollennu Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

It includes things on the soil which are enjoyed with it as being part of the land by nature, as for example rivers, streams,…growing trees or affixed to it like houses, buildings and other stru ...

Leaky Bucket Algorithm to Control Transmission Rates

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

In this paper, the Leaky Bucket Algorithm is used to control transmission rate in a system. It tends to be used to monitor data transmissions and packets(data) to define limits on bandwidth. ...

Legion; commercial pedestrian simulation

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Chapter 4. Multi-Threaded and Distributed Framework for Pedestrian Simulation Analysis Legion is the company behind the commercial pedestrian simulation software, Legion Studio and its accompanying 3D ...

Library Management System

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Development and connection to multiple online /www database using jsp Introduction: There are many web based application running with only single database. It has some problems such as performance iss ...

Lifecycle and Problems of Ransomware Attacks

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

INTRODUCTION The internet is a very powerful and amazing tool for communication that is very important in our everyday lives. The fact that it is used in all spheres of our daily lives ...

Lightspeed: An Adaptive Bilateral Negotiation Strategy

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Lightspeed: An Adaptive Bilateral Negotiation Strategy   ABSTRACT Automated negotiation deals with multiple autonomous agents, where the agents adapt their be ...

Limitations And Advantages Of A Directional Antenna

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2017

Abstract – A discussion of directional antennas and performance, the limitations or drawbacks and advantages of using directional antennas compare to omnidirectional antennas. INTRODUCTION The d ...

Lingo Learning Final Report

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

1.1             Abstract Young bilingual children are supported in the early periods of their education by EAL teaching assistants ...

Lip Reading Using Neural Networks Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Neural networks, with their remarkable ability to derive meaning from complicated or imprecise data, can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed by either huma ...

Literature Review About Cryptography And Steganography Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The initial forms of data hiding can truly be considered to be extremely simple forms of private key cryptography, the “key” in this case being the information of the scheme being implemen ...

Literature review about data warehouse

Example essay. Published: 23rd Mar 2021

A literature review about data warehouse, OLAP MDDB and data mining concept. We reviewed concept, characteristics, design and implementation approach of each above mentioned technology to identify a suitable data warehouse framework. ...

Literature Review About IPS And IDS Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this chapter is to provide the study and review about Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention System which have done by expert and professor. According to (Tony Bradley, 2004), intrusio ...

Literature Review About Meter Reading Techniques Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this chapter we will explore more about how meter reading is done, the different type of techniques that exist to read meters, and automatic meter reading; specially the use of Bluetooth technology ...

Literature Review About Types Of Operating System Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Windows 98 is the upgrade from Windows 95 and is Graphical operating system is designed for the workstations at home or business. When during the development Windows 98 was code named as “Me ...

Literature Review Of Load Shedding Methods

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2017

In chapter 1, a brief discussion about active distribution networks was presented. The importance of operation of islanded distribution networks was discussed. This chapter is intended to give the rea ...

Literature Review of the Industrial Wireless

Example essay. Published: 4th Apr 2018

Industrial wireless infrastructure goes beyond a hand full of WSN in the field sending back information to a localised host system, the broader picture of a truly industrial wireless infrastructure e ...

Literature Review on Big Data Concept

Example essay. Published: 7th Aug 2017

Quiz-3: Summarize the article in one paragraph. In this paragraph author try to explain about the big data concept and data mining like the characteristics of the big data, demonstrate and example ...

Literature Review on Online Gaming

Example essay. Published: 27th Sep 2017

The purpose of this study is to map out and see the relationship between MMORPG game player personalities and style based on player type theory and game players’ thinking preferences in order to in ...

Literature Review On Point Of Sales System

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Switch is a brand name wholly owned by CG Computers Sdn Bhd. CG Computers Sdn Bhd was founded on 1995 by Mr. Li Chau Ging. The main business of the company is selling Apple Products under the brand na ...

Literature Review on the Capabilities of the GSM based Control System

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

Using GSM networks, a control system has been proposed that will act as an embedded system which can monitor and control appliances and other devices locally using built-in input and output peripherals ...

Literature Review On The Research On Games Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This section discusses the literature review on the research on games. The main research in this chapter includes the definition of games, game genres, description of word game and adventure game, for ...

Literature Review On Web Usage Mining Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Internet has become the largest database ever existed. During the early times of this decade it has been estimated that the internet is having more than 350 million pages [11]. But through a resea ...

Literature Review: Methods Of Virus Protection

Example essay. Published: 8th May 2017

Computer viruses are most critical area in computer science. All computer users in the world are suffering from this threat. Viruses reproduce themselves and spread through computer to computer as wel ...

Literature Survey On Steganography

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2017

In this chapter, the literature survey on the steganography and various network security mechanisms are described. Many existing algorithms for steganography since 1991 to 2009 are studied and present ...

Load Balancing as an Optimization Problem: GSO Solution

Example essay. Published: 5th Apr 2018

METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we presented a novel methodology which considers load balancing as an optimization problem. A stochastic approach, Glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) is em ...

Location Based Services and Crime Detection Alert

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, many issues and trend of crimes such as robbery, drug addicts, rape, murder or snatch had arisen via the whole world. These arise of crimes was happening shows that t ...

Logical and physical network design

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction In the world today, information communication and technology has become one of the most relied upon pillars for economic development. It is through technology that the entire universe has ...

Logical Database Design for HR management System

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Task 1.1 The background information of the organization and operation that would support. In an organization a HR department is responsible for record each employee. Where the employees have an iden ...

LoRaWAN Fog Computing Based Architecture for IoT Enabled Smart Campus Applications

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

LoRaWAN Fog Computing Based Architecture for IoT Enabled Smart Campus Applications   Abstract: — It is estimated that one trillion IoT devices will be deployed b ...

Low Level Programming Language Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computers instruction set architecture. The word low refers to the small or nonexistent amount of ...

Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP Applications

Example essay. Published: 27th Sep 2017

Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP applications Abstract— Wireless communication exhibits the highest energy consumption in wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes. Due to their limited energy ...

Machine Learning Application using Pose Estimation to Detect and Moderate Violence in Live Videos

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Abstract Recordings of public violence have never been as readily available as today. Livefeeds of shootings and attacks have become an ever increasing problem with gruesome images o ...

Machine Learning in Malware Detection

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

1.0 Background Research Malware was first created in 1949 by John von Neumann. Ever since then, more and more malwares are created. Antivirus company are constantly looking for a method that is the ...

Machine Learning Techniques for Software Defined Network Security

Example essay. Published: 2nd Nov 2021

This paper presents some of the most used methods for network security in a SDN environment using ML techniques, and some approaches organized by network attacks, in contrast to other papers of ML methods used in the SDN. ...

Macro Management Scheme in NEMO Environment

Example essay. Published: 29th Mar 2018

An enhanced Macro Management Scheme in NEMO Environment to Achieve Seamless Handoff Qoutibah AlAssi   1. Abstract In NEMO(NETWORK MOBILITY) and when they are connected to the Internet through mobi ...

Making Renewable Energy SMART using Internet of Things (IOT)

Example essay. Published: 18th Apr 2018

Manuj Darbar, Kripa Shankar Pathak, Rajesh Goel   Abstract: The paper highlights the cooperative behaviour of Multi agent systems by combining various renewal energy sources and then feeding the p ...

Malware And Exploit Protection

Example essay. Published: 27th Apr 2017

In today’s modern world of information technology, malware and malware protection is becoming a large part of computer security. To analyse this problem various Internet and academic articles ha ...

Malware Attacks And Their Impacts

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

  Abstract—With always evolving technologies many devices are emerging which has the ability to connect to other devices across the world using internet, it ...

Managing Virtual Environments: Server Comparison

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Table of Contents Physical Server and Specifications Vendor Selection Hypervisor Comparison VMware 6.5 Hyper-V 2016 VCenter deployment ...

Managing Web Application Security Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Changes in business environments and the advances in web technologies have made the services of corporate, public and private firms to be more widespread over the web by making use of web applications ...

Manuscript Management System (MMS) Integration with Social Media

Example essay. Published: 29th Mar 2018

Manuscript Management system (MMS) – developed by J-Technologies India Limited, made it simple for the authors to share their research papers to their social network and professional network in a jiffy. ...

Matalan Architecture and Infrastructural Investigation

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

  Introduction to my Organisation BLAG I chose Matalan as my organisation to undertake my report on as it was the most convenient option since I work there part time and have worked with a lot o ...

Mathematical and Physics Concepts in Computer Games

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

Introduction A two part assignment was distributed and part one was run a simulation of a given differential equation using numerical integration techniques i.e. Euler and 4th order Runge-Kutta me ...

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

McWiLL is the most advanced broadband wireless solution provided by Beijing Xinwei Telecommunications Technology. The technology is based on SCDMA, and is known as Multicarrier Wireless information Lo ...

Measuring Processes of Pipelining

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

Sakshi Dua Abstract Discuss the method to measure the performance of pipelining. Give a space-time diagram for visualizing the pipeline behavior for a four-stage pipeline. Also discuss some way to ...

Measuring the Concentration of Ozone in Solution, with Time

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

  Table Contents Abstract 1.0 Aims and objectives of the experiment 2.1 Theoretical and experimental basis: 2.2 Experimental Procedure ...

Memory Management In Unix Operating System Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction to UNIX According to Leon, 2007, UNIX is an operating system (OS) is software that manages hardware and software resources of a computer. UNIX was first developed in the 1960s and has bee ...

Memory Or Random Access Memory Ram Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Modern digital systems require the capability of storing and retrieving large amounts of information at high speeds. Memories are circuits or systems that store digital information in large quantity. ...

Memory Organisation And Random Access Memory Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Memory stores, instructions and data. Memory is of two types, primary memory and secondary memory. Instruction or data given by input devices is first getting stored in the primary memory. Further use ...

Memory Units And Memory Hierarchy

Example essay. Published: 1st May 2017

Memory organisation is combination of several memory devices efficiently. Memory devices are combined and organised based on their characteristic such as access time, speed, storage capacity, physical ...

Mesos and Kubernetes : A Comparative Analysis

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Abstract – Containers and application containerization have fast gained traction as the most promising aspects of Cloud Computing. A massive increase in the number and variety of applications ...

Messaging System for Hand Held Devices using Wi-Fi/Bluetooth

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

Multidisciplinary Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Volume _, Issue _ () Pg. Messaging System for hand held devices using Wi-Fi/Bluetooth Network Ajita Arvind Mahapadi,Prof.Soumitra ...

Methods for Routing Improvement in WSNs

Example essay. Published: 26th Jul 2018

As was concluded on the first chapter of the work, one of the best routing protocols, which is less energy-intensive and in the same time have other good conditions, like mobility, multipath usabilit ...

Methods of Analyzing Data in Data Warehouse

Example essay. Published: 29th Aug 2017

Data Mining methods for Customer Relationaship Management Abstract-Data warehousing and data mining, applied to Customer Relationship Management (CRM), are a relatively fresh sector for organizati ...

Micro Operations Microinstruction Micro Program Micro Code

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

Each microinstruction in a microprogram provides the bits which control the functional elements that internally compose a CPU. The advantage over a hard-wired CPU is that internal CPU control becomes ...

Microcontrollers In Wireless Sensor Networks

Example essay. Published: 17th May 2017

ABSTRACT: Now a day’s wireless sensor networks have been gaining interact with physical in world. Whereas these can be used in different applications in medical, military, roadside, industrial e ...

Microprocessor Without Interlocked Pipeline Stages Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

MIPS is originally an acronym for Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by MIPS Technologies. In the mid to late 1990s, ...

Microsoft Sharepoint Literature Review Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this chapter, the author will do research on the literature review on Microsoft SharePoint Service 3.0, Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway, and Microsoft Forefront Security for Document ...

Microsoft Versus Apple Compare And Contrast Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Business strategy is a direction, vision and objectives in terms of projects, in order to configure the total recourses that invest into the projects base on the markets needs and challenging of other ...

Microsoft Visual Basic Programming Language Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Microsoft Visual Basic is a programming language is which is easier and simpler to use than other programming languages for example Java, Programming in C, programming in C++. Visual basic is an ideal ...

Migration Plan from UNIX to Microsoft Server

Example essay. Published: 26th Mar 2018

Data Migration is the process of transferring data between different storage types, servers or formats. It’s not just about copying data, but also about validating the data according to constraints ...

Mmap Creation of New Mapping

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

  The goal of this experiment is too understand how mmap creates a new mapping on a process virtual memory address space. Figure 1 The outcome of the program is shown (figure 1). The page size of ...

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes

Example essay. Published: 4th Apr 2018

Mobile computing with WirelessLAN And its modes Ad hoc network with challenges Pallavi D. Dudhe, Prof. P. L. Ramteke   Abstract – In this paper, we summarized Mobile computing with WirelessL ...

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Robotics is technology that deals with the design, construction and operation of robots that are used in numerous applications is called robotics. It has become an unstoppable force in the developme ...

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Model driven development is a top-down, traditional approach that has been around for a long time. Test Driven Development (TDD) is a bottom-up, new approach in the sense that it has picked up its v ...

Modelling Tool for Photonic Crystal Device Issues

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

Chapter – 4 SIMULATION DETAILS OF THE PROJECT In the past 10 years, photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted much scientific and commercial interest. The research and design work for PCs starts f ...

Modern Programming Tools And Techniques Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Q:1 Define abstraction, encapsulation, modularity and hierarchy in your own terms. Ans:-Abstraction”Abstraction denotes the essential characteristics of an Object that differ it from other objec ...

Modification of Power Series Expansion

Example essay. Published: 18th Jul 2018

The available methods to compute the logarithm of a number using digital circuits can be divided in two main groups. On the one hand, we have the look-up table based algorithms and, on the other, ite ...

Modulation Systems used in Satellite Communications

Example essay. Published: 22nd Sep 2021

The objective of this paper is to describe different types of modulations systems using for satellite communications. In this report, first I am trying to give some basic information related to the modulation systems and then bring all possible modulation schemes used in satellite communications. ...

Modulation Systems Used In Satellite Communications Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Satellite is the one of the greatest means of communication carrying a large chuck of voice and data stream from one part of the horizon to the other as compared to other medium. In this modern age, c ...

Monitoring and Analysing Anomaly Activities in a Network Using Packetbeat

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Monitoring and Analysing anomaly activities in a network using Packetbeat   Abstract: The primary intention of any organization is to provide security for their i ...

Mosquito Species Detection using Smart Phone

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Abstract-According to WHO(World Health Organization) re-ports, among all disease transmitting insects mosquito is the most hazardous insect. In 2015 alone, 214 million cases of malaria were register ...

Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Facing It Managers Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Vulnerabilities to exploitation in modern computers are varied. They range from web server vulnerabilities that allow attackers to take over the web server to very sophisticated side channel exploits ...

Moving Object Detection Video Images Using Matlab Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Moving object detection is an important research topic of computer vision and video processing areas. Detection of moving objects In video streams is the first relevant step of information extraction ...

MPLS-Traffic Engineering

Example essay. Published: 12th Mar 2018

I. Webserver We will be using apache web server in our project. The Apache HTTP Server Project is a synergistic programming improvement exertion went for making a hearty, business grade, featureful, ...

Multi User Chat System In Java Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The aim of this project is to develop an multi-user chat system to facilitate communicate between users with in the corporate or scientific organization. Chat application is to allow user for private ...

Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis using LSTM-CNN Network

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis Using LSTM-CNN network Abstract—In the Data driven era, understanding the feedback of the customer plays a vital role in improving the performance and e ...

Multi-keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data

Example essay. Published: 18th Aug 2017

Now a days cloud computing has become more popular, so more information possessors are actuated to their information to cloud servers for great convenience and less monetary value in data manage ...

Multicast Protocols: Challenges and Future Research

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

ABSTRACT Multicast in terms of IP is a method of transferring Internet Protocol datagrams to a group of involved receivers in a single broadcast. The IP specific for ...

Multimedia In Future Generation Systems Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This paper discusses about the mobile multimedia used in various generation of mobile system. It focuses on all the generations that are up to the current trend and also about the future generation wh ...

Multimedia Systems And Applications Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This report gives the details of multimedia computing. Multimedia computing is one of the major research topics in recent years, this field is widely using in different industries like web, gaming, te ...

Multimedia Using Adobe After Effects Computer Science Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Increase in technology making wider use of multimedia and its applications. For a good presentation multimedia is used to present in very effective and innovative way. Every internet technology makes ...