Cultural Studies Essays

Interpersonal Deception Theory: Example Case

Example essay. Published: 16th Aug 2018

In the daily life, we are always having social interactions and communicate with people. Therefore, we will be faced through a variety of conditions or circumstances faced by either consciously or un ...

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif Arts Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Since this is a historical based paper focusing on the way in which wallpaper designers communicate through the use of visual language, different interpretations of the subject of botanical forms, his ...

Intrinsic Power And Political Organisations

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2017

This paper’s first aim is to analyse as well as evaluate the different thoughts and views exist in the literature about “Power and politics are intrinsic to organisations”. The secon ...

Introduction Of Cultural Diversity Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

How important is it for managers today to have a good understanding of cultural diversity in the workplace? Introduction of Cultural Diversity “Cultural diversity” is the joint of human so ...

Introduction To European Food Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Europe is not an unfamiliar name in an individual mindset. Many people aspire to go to Europe as it has a varied amount of distinctive features in terms of food and culture. Composing a major part of ...

Introduction To Fashion Design Objectives Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Meaning of fashion Fashion is what is accepted and adopted by the society at any given point of time. In other words it is a lifestyle statement of an individual or a group of people. In this sense it ...

Introduction To Indian Folk Arts Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The somewhat lesser-known traditions of Indian painting are the so-called “folk” paintings dating back to a period that may be referred to as “timeless”. These are living tradi ...

Invisible Elements Of Spatial Ambience Design Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The visible and the invisible, the physical and the mental, these are the two main groups of elements which affect our perceptions toward a certain designated space ambience. The designers play a majo ...

Iran: Healthcare, Education and Culture

Example essay. Published: 3rd Jul 2018

Comparative and international Family Research demonstration project Cultural issues related to families are quite dissimilar in various countries. United States and Islamic republic of Iran exhibit ...

Is A Fashion Important Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Fashion is a foremost social statement. It is an outward means of expression to people and the rest of the world. With the passage of time, fashion makes our life colorful and changes our life with th ...

Is Divorce too Easy?

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Is Divorce too Easy? Introduction  In recent decades, divorce has increased all over the world, even though marriage is described as a lifelong love. Divorce is defined as ...

Is Graffiti Art or Vandalism?

Example essay. Published: 10th Aug 2021

I am intending on exploring whether graffiti is art or vandalism. By exploring this research topic I will be breaking it down into different sections. The first section I will be defining what vandalism is, the perspectives of other researchers and the actions of vandalism ...

Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan?

Example essay. Published: 23rd Feb 2017

Research Question: Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Technology is the backbone of this ever-evolving generation. Japan is not only one of the most technologically ...

Is It More Appropriate to Discuss Popular Cultures than Popular Culture?

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Early works on popular culture in early modern England tended to subscribe to a two-tier model of the contemporary social system, essentially dividing the culture of the time into ‘popular’ a ...

Islamic Architecture In Spain Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Mean when one talk about the types and styles of architecture in parts of the globe, comes His mind quickly many pictures of the masterpieces of Muslim architecture in Andalusia They stayed there abou ...

Issue of Arranged Marriages

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Arranged Marriages Abstract People all over the globe engage in mate selection through one of two ways: future spouses choose their partners themselves or parents or a even larg ...

Issues In Intercultural Marriage

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

An intercultural marriage is a union of two people involving numerous cultures and backgrounds. When two various cultures combine together, there may be significant challenges they have to face. A cul ...

Issues of Discrimination in Sports

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

There are many different aspects that define the culture of a group of people. Whether it is the food or the music or the traditions, every single person in this world lives based on the culture that ...

Italian Immigration to Canada

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Canada’s Southeast coast was discovered on June 24th, 1947 by an Italian explorer named John Cabot. John Cabot is the first influential Italian who contributed to Italians immigration to Canada ...

Italian Wine Detail And Description Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Italy’s accumulating reputation with wine according to the fact that it produces and exports more than any other country but that it offers the best variety of types, ranging through nearly ever ...

Italy: Culture and Economy

Example essay. Published: 31st Jul 2018

Have any of you ever wanted to travel to a place filled with ancient ruins of a once mighty empire, delicious cuisine and wine, and beautiful scenery? Well, Italy is the perfect place for you! Italy ...

Jack Kerouac’s Road to Postmodernity

Example essay. Published: 11th Jul 2018

Jack Kerouac’s Road to Postmodernity: Tracing the Beat Rhythm through Lyotardian Sensibility. Dr. Ashima Bhardwaj   Abstract: Jack Kerouac was an author of the iconic text On the Road that ...

Japan’s Policy on Nuclear Weapons

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

In 1945, the United States launched two nuclear attacks on both Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The two attacks not only destroyed two cities, but also killed thousands of people. Although ...

Japanese Americans Cultural Report Assessment

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

 Japanese immigrants came to America beginning in the 1880s (Daniels, 2011). The first large-scale journey of Japanese immigrants from Japan began in Hawaii (Daniels, 2011). Many Japanese im ...

Japanization and Japanese Working Practices

Example essay. Published: 19th Jun 2018

Introduction Japan, a land of incredible diversity; modern yet steeped in custom; home of the friendliest of welcomes. Japanese celebrate the time of year with hanami (cherry blossom viewing) parties ...

Jean Baudrillards Analysis Of Consumption Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Jean Baudrillard is one of the most important and provocative writers of the contemporary era. Due to the vast scope and various themes of his work, this paper will closely focus on the analysis of co ...

Judith Butler Gender Performativity Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The challenge presented by Butlers theory depicted in Gender Trouble is derived from her revision of the generally established orthodox assumptions in our western society regarding gender and sexual i ...

Karuta The Japanese Traditional Card Game Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This is a research paper on Karuta, a traditional game of cards in Japan. The paper will explore on the origin or the Karuta history, what the game entails, the players involved and also on how it is ...

Kenya culture

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

1.0 Introduction Development is a multifaceted concept that is determined by different aspects including the resources and the intellectual capacity of using the resources to attain this goal. Governm ...

Key Communication Issues of Interracial Relationships

Example essay. Published: 27th Aug 2021

Interracial friendships provide a context of equality in which intergroup differences may be addressed to reduce prejudice and conflict. Measures of the extent of interracial friendships also reflect the state of race relations in a society, capturing the positive feelings between group members rather than the negative sentiment so often emphasized in studies of racial attitudes. ...

Kinesics And Proximics And The Cultural Impact Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The process of sharing ideas and feelings with others is all-important. Communication is the human interaction that all humans can not do without. Our very first parents initiated this behaviour takin ...

Kiran Desai’s “Inheritance of Loss”

Example essay. Published: 3rd May 2017

An Analysis of Kiran Desai’s “Inheritance of Loss” This second novel by Kiran Desai drips with the theme of colonial mentality – of ignoring one’s cultural roots and look ...

Landmarks In New York City Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Times Square is an iconic landmark of the city of New York and of the World and is also a symbol of the city. It is known for the digital advertisements which are animated and spectacular. The place i ...

Language Barriers In Global Advertising Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Strategic advertising and marketing of recent years are not now same for each continent and country, but it started to change. Today, it is common to enhance a uniform strategy to be employed globally ...

Language Reflecting Our Culture And Reality Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Language is “a system of symbols that allows members of a society to communicate with one another”. It is more than just a mean of communication. It can also be viewed as an important elem ...

Lao Culture and Business Etiquette

Example essay. Published: 16th Aug 2018

Lao is located in South-East Asia. It is one of the long history countries with well-established traditional in Asia. Laos has its own culture, traditional which is quite similar to other countries in ...

Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye: Five Points of New Architecture

Example essay. Published: 7th Aug 2018

During the 1920s, Le Corbusier was developing his Five Points of New Architecture. The domestic building I am focusing on is Villa Savoye which exemplifies these five points. http://upload.wikimedia.o ...

Lebanese Arabic Conversational

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Question 1: Describe a “conversational routine” from a language other than English (but not a greeting). Include some detail on how it may vary and the situations in which it is appropriate. Then ...

Lebanon’s History, Culture and Diversity

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

Some people migrate to the United States and just forget their home country. They find their way to assimilate in the American mainstream. However for me, even though I’ve been in the U.S. since ...

Life and Debt Documentary: Summary and Analysis

Example essay. Published: 3rd Jul 2018

Life and Debt Film Write The tourist who comes to Jamaica focuses on the beauty of the island. Jamaica is the island where Antiguans suffer and want to escape. However, the natives are too poor to esc ...

Life Success Of Bill Gates

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2017

The traditional definition of leadership by Webster dictionary states it’s an interpersonal influence directed towards the achievement of a goal or goals. Leadership is a dynamic relationship ba ...

Lifestyle Changes in the 1920s US

Example essay. Published: 19th Jun 2018

“Cultural civil war” (Digital History), Symbolizes the era of the 1920’s. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald labeled this decade the Jazz Age. In his novel, The Great Gatsby, he criticized the exter ...

Linguistic Structure of the Unconscious by Lacan

Example essay. Published: 19th Jun 2018

Lacan’s View of the Linguistic Structure of the Unconscious and Implications for the Relevance of Psychoanalysis to the Social World Jacques Lacan has been called the most influential psychoanal ...

Link Between Islamophobia And Racism Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Indeed, much literature is dedicated to question the (mis)appropriateness of ‘Islamophobia’ as a labeller of ‘phobia’ generated, presumably, from an increasingly ‘visible ...

Literacy and Information Technology Skills

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Literacy and Information Technology Skills Abstract: The goal of this assignment is to associate health literacy, information literacy, and information technology skills with a ...

Literature Review 2.0 Spending Behavior

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Nowadays, the marketers are facing great competition among themselves to market the products and services to the consumers. The study of consumer spending behavior enables the marketers to understand ...

Literature Review on Polygamy

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

Polygamy is an intricate phenomenon and a result of power relations, with profound social, cultural, financial, and political roots. Regardless of being prohibited in numerous nations, the practice ...

Liverpool: History and Cultural Values

Example essay. Published: 18th Jul 2018

1.0 History of Liverpool Liverpool beginning was a humble origins city and it as a tidal pool next to the River Mersey in northwest England. The name of Liverpool was evolved from liter pol and it me ...

Living The Louis Philippe Lifestyle Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Louis Philippe, the leader in the Indian super-premium apparel market has a totally new and exciting consumer experience by offering a wide range of exclusive apparel and accessories for every occasio ...

Looking At The Impacts Of Fashion On Society Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The 1950s were a fascinating time in the United States that left an impressive mark on our society. Fashion during this unforgettable time was extremely imaginative and expressive, and overtime evolv ...

Looking At The Storys Behind Indian Art Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

I intend to do research on the Indian folk art forms, their styles, different symbols and forms as well as the context and cultural backgrounds. I will focus on “MDAHUBANI PAINTINGS”, a fo ...

Low context communication

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Cultures differ on the importance and the place of words in communication. In some cultures words are central and the main means of communication. This is low context communication. In other cultures ...

Luxury Brand Is An Illusion Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

What is a luxury fashion brand? To understand the luxury we have to have a taste for it. Hallmark of the taste re­sts in sensitivity, from feelings. Every one has a different taste, but it is indispe ...

Māhū: Triumph over Western Gender Dichotomy

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Māhū: Triumph over Western Gender Dichotomy       The understanding of gender is in itself, a Western construction based on a dichotomous gender binary syste ...

Malaysian Film Industry Construct Malaysian Identity Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Malaysia is a Multiple ethic country, but the interesting situation is , the race that dominant the country are all imigrant, the malay was come from the Javanese. The Chinese is come from China and I ...

Management and Leadership of Different Cultures

Example essay. Published: 19th Jun 2018

Introduction A well recognized definition of leadership by Warren Bennis is ” Leadership is the function of knowing yourself , having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among col ...

Managing Conflicts In A Multicultural Organization Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Abstract With diversity becoming increasingly imperative in the coming decades, most people and organisations would feel the necessity to effectively communicate cross-culturally. “Cultures are ...

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US

Example essay. Published: 11th Jul 2018

Many countries require all young adults to serve two or more years in the military as a way of providing security to their country and as a rite of passage as a citizen. The United States however do ...

Marriage in China and Japan

Example essay. Published: 16th Aug 2018

Confucian thoughts had tremendous influence in both China and Japan, and these thoughts provided the principles of roles each person must play in daily life. Men and women play different roles in marr ...

Martin Luther King Jr: A Biography

Example essay. Published: 19th Jun 2018

Martin Luther King Junior Introduction Martin Luther King Junior was an American national, a protestant Christian by religion. He was a civil Rights activist, Baptist minister who led the various Ame ...

Meaning of Good Taste in Fashion

Example essay. Published: 16th Aug 2018

Generally speaking, taste is an abstract and subtle word. What is taste? The word “taste” literally means people`s degustation on everything include food, art, life and so on (Aronson, 194 ...

Medical Uses Of Infrared Photography Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Tattoos have been an invaluable method for the identification of non – skeletonised remains. The design and/or location of the tattoo can be substantially exclusive to provide adequate identific ...

Menstrual Exile in the Western Part of Nepal

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Menstrual Exile in the Western Part of Nepal Menstruation is considered as a phase of impurity which is primarily driven by superstitious belief. It is the isolation of women during her ...

Merging Of Old And New Architecture

Example essay. Published: 27th Apr 2017

Human population growth in our planet has increased in a whirlwind over the past few decades. The on-going increase of the world population nowadays leads to greater demand of providing built environm ...

Messages In The Songs Of Female Rappers Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Rap is considered to be a type of music which serves as a means of expression for those who feel alienated and outraged in American society for certain reasons. According to many scholars hip hop in A ...

Michel Foucault’s Theory of the City

Example essay. Published: 19th Jun 2018

In this essay I will discuss and plain how the city is represented as place of power and surveillance, using Michel Foucault’s ‘the means of correct training’ in his discipline and punis ...

Misogynistic Portrayal of Women in Male Rappers’ Songs

Example essay. Published: 6th Sep 2021

The music genres which are associated with hip hop cultural phenomenon, especially gangsta rap and contemporary R&B are believed to define “street” youth culture. These two hip hop music subgenres seem to be more influential than the other as there is more emphasis put on lyrical content than the music itself. ...

Models In The Fashion Industry Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In the contemporary world, fashion has become a powerful force. For most of the people in our daily life, fashion is something they read about or buy in stores. In a broad sense, fashion means all thi ...

Models of Celebrity Endorsement Strategy

Example essay. Published: 16th Aug 2018

The selection of celebrity endorsers is not an easy task; many scholars have tried to create models in order to help for the right selecting of celebrity endorsers. Hovland et al (1953) conceptually contributed one of the earliest models, which is Source Credibility Model. ...

Modern Day Subcultures: Hip-Hop, Cosplay and Otaku

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

Subculture refers to a small group of people who with different behavior and beliefs in a larger mainstream culture. Subculture does not only contain the values and concepts that similar as the main c ...

Modernism In Scandinavia And Italy Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Modernism was not just a new style of thinking; it represented a new way of thinking, new ideas and a new ideology which was a shift from the contemporary ways of art, literature and architecture. Mod ...

Modernism vs Postmodernism Graphic Design

Example essay. Published: 23rd Jul 2018

Throughout the 19th century artists and painters had a very conservative mindset when it came to the presentation of art. The images and art forms that were made during this time were composed of a ce ...

Modernization Synonymous With Westernization Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Initially, I would like to clarify the use of the terms “Modernization” and “Westernization” but it is difficult to easily conceptualize and formulate precise definitions that ...

Mozarts Cultural Influence In American Culture Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Mozart was an artist who explored cultural influences like jazz and was a genius whose classical music purists can not copy. Mozart’s music was well elaborated unlike other artists. It is most n ...

Multi Cultural Country Like Mauritius Island Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Due to globalization, more interaction among Mauritian from diverse cultures, beliefs and backgrounds are increasing more than ever before in the working environment. Most people and companies are fac ...

Multicultualism In Canada: Success or Failure?

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

What is Multiculturalism? Dictionary definition: Multiculturalism is a situation in which all the different cultural or racial groups in a society have equal rights and opportunities, an ...

Multicultural Analysis of Japan: Traditions and Religions

Example essay. Published: 11th Jul 2018

Land of the Rising Sun: Japan Japan is a country filled with old and rich traditional history that can’t be found anywhere in the Western world. Japan and America share quite an interesting bo ...

Multicultural Ethical Psychology

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Abstract: The significance of multicultural counseling is the necessity of addressing ethical issues from current and previous societal changes. A review of literature provides valuable data with resp ...

Multicultural Issues For Malaysians

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2017

Malaysia is a country which consists of multiracial culture, ethnics, and races. Malaysia is made up of three main races: Malay, Chinese and Indian. Ethnic races consist of Iban, Dayak, Kadazan and ma ...

Multiculturalism and Nationalism in Australian Advertisements

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Introduction: Nowadays, advertisements are all around the world- on television, on the internet, and on large billboards in the streets. There were days that advertisement would introduc ...

Multiculturalism And Non Verbal Communication Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Every part of world follows different culture in all aspects such as business, education, food habits, etc. The world is full of confrontations between people who think, feel differently. Culture is n ...

Multiculturalism in Lebanon

Example essay. Published: 11th Jul 2018

Lebanon is a country with a long history which made it what it is today, a multicultural country. In a book called ‘Geopolitique du conflit libanais’ by Georges Corm, written in French, th ...

Multiculturalism: Causes, Advantages and Disadvantages

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

This paper is focusing on three main reasons likely cause multiculturalism, concerned the advantages and disadvantages of multiculturalism. And a conclusion is made that the multiculturalism has more benefits than its drawbacks. ...

Murals Wall Paintings And Frescoes Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

It is interesting to note that people who are not inclined with a reverent passion for the arts would only think of it in superficial terms (Goodyear, 1897). They only consider arts as something lavis ...

Musical Communication Essay

Example essay. Published: 20th Dec 2017

The nature of musical communication and the framework of thought, feeling and behaviour within which this communication takes place. Musical communication is commonly associated with place or location ...

Muted group theory: Research

Example essay. Published: 27th Apr 2017

Abstract The motivation behind this report is to research the muted group theory, for the purpose to spread the finding to students taking the level 200 communications paper, this theory may be used i ...

My Dream Job A Business Manager Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Personal qualities are the one of the key elements of employability .They are actually the real aspect of humans character. They are important for an employee to fulfill the requirements of the superi ...

My Personal Culture

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction The typical cave discovery tells us how people lived thousands of years ago. Likewise a family’s personal history tells the story of the family but it also indirectly records societ ...

Native American Death Rituals and Funeral Costumes

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Introduction: Native Americans, also known as American Indians, native Americans, native Americans and other terms refer to people who first settled in the United States and their descen ...

Negative Impact of Globalization on Cultural Boundaries

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Globalization is a historical phenomenon that has been occurring throughout decades, and whether it creates development or not depends on whose perspective it is. The western nations, particular ...

Negative Media Portrayal Of Religious Minorities Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this modern society, media can be seen in every corner of the world. At the same time, its influence is also touching on everything and every people of the world; no matter it is the majority or mi ...

Negative Spaces And Its Effective Utilization Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Spaces, based on their usability can be broadly divided into public spaces and private spaces. A proper mix of each of them is fundamental in a successful. In many cases creating these spaces have uni ...

Negative Stereotypes Of Asian American Women Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

I decided to research on “how unconsciously activated negative stereotypes of Asian American women express in media and proportionally influence the American society in treating them unequally a ...

Negotiation occurs in business

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

1. Executive summary The thirst for power, growth and global recognition has made countries source for wealth and power through the process of Negotiating with each other. The term Negotiation can be ...

Nelson Mandela’s Role In Fighting Apartheid

Example essay. Published: 19th Mar 2019

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 to the Madiba Clan in Mvezo, Transkei (The Life and Times). He was born with the African name of Rolihlahla Mandela, but later received the “Christian&#8 ...

New Creative Approaches To Mountain Dew Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

PepsiCo was widely considered to be one of the most sophisticated and aggressive marketing companies in the world. In North America, the company had three divisions, each with category- leading brand ...

Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Carl is you typical Filipino teenage who luckily wins an opportunity to be part of a youth conference held abroad. He meets many teenagers, just like him, who comes from different parts of the world. ...

Nonverbal Communication Between Cultures

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

An important part of intercultural communication is nonverbal communication. Cultures have nonverbal cues they use to communicate, which can have very different meanings between cultures. The dif ...

Nonverbal Communication In Negotiations Cultural Studies Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Cultural specific studies have focused attention on cultural and communication practices in specific countries, while conflict resolution and negotiation studies have integrated intercultural communic ...

Notion Of Aura used by Walter Benjamin

Example essay. Published: 27th Aug 2021

Walter Benjamin was a Jewish intellect who lived in Germany during a period of anti-semitic feeling and WWII. His work was influenced by Jewish mysticism and historical materialism. Both the era in which he lived and his religion strongly impacted on his thinking. ...