Annotated Bibliography on Eating Disorders

How eating disorders eat away at adults and adolescents

Title

This topic is interesting to me because I am very into health and fitness. I chose this topic due to the fact that people with this disorder over-eat and are normally unhealthy. I also used to be unhealthy, but I have since changed my ways. I want to know the reason why people with this disorder decide not to work out, or change their eating habits. I also would like to know how it affects normal bodily functions, and how to fix this disorder. Lastly, I want insight into how it affects the daily lifestyles of people who have it.

Keywords

The keywords used for the database searches were “eating disorders and adults”, “compulsive eating disorders and adults”, “eating disorders and adolescents”, and “compulsive eating disorders and adolescents”

Databases

The databases searched were EBSCO Host and Google Scholar.

Criteria

List and explain the criteria you used to determine the value of the articles you selected, such as:

• The article was peer-reviewed.
• The article included a literature review, methodology, and results.
• The article was published in the last 5–7 years.

Sources

Brytek-Matera, A. (2012). Orthorexia Nervosa — an eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder or disturbed eating habit? Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, 14(1), 55–60. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=80160001&site=ehost-live

Orthorexia Nervosa is a new food disorder that is where people are more looking at food quality over quantity. They are obsessed with healthy nutrition, they do not care about body shape, but they do care about is eating very healthy. Their dietary restrictions lead to negative psychological and social effects. This disorder is more closely related to a compulsive eating disorder than anorexia because the person doing it isn’t worried about their weight, and are more concerned with what they eat.

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 I chose this source because it is shown how some adults think that eating healthy makes them healthy. A person who has this disorder would rather eat a little amount of food that is good for you, than a good size portion of food that is ok for you. They feel that because they are doing this that it makes them a healthy person. They could be overweight but not care, because as long as they are eating healthy they believe that they are living a healthy lifestyle. This source shows another disorder that may be common in more people than we think, and how the wrong ideas are in these people’s heads.

Davenport, K., Houston, J. E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Excessive Eating and Compulsive Buying Behaviours in Women: An Empirical Pilot Study Examining Reward Sensitivity, Anxiety, Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Social Desirability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(4), 474–489. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ974256&site=ehost-live

This source talks about how women are more prone to compulsive eating disorder than men. 134 women were given questionnaires about specific personality traits that they had. The two personality traits most commonly linked to compulsive eating disorder were rewarded sensitivity and cognitive anxiety. The two traits that had the least amount of link to compulsive eating disorder were somatic anxiety and social desirability. Having compulsive eating disorder will either boost self-esteem or cause anxiety.

This shows me some reasons why people have this disorder, it is mostly due to a person’s personality, in women at least. It is very hard to get rid of your personality because that is who you are so I now have more insight into why it is hard for people to stop compulsive eating. It is interesting to me how this disorder affects more women than men because I would think that since men like to eat more of them would have this. I think that it is weird how having this disorder will either boost people’s self-esteem or just cause anxiety, because those are two completely opposite outcomes.

Decaluwé, Veerle, et al. “Binge Eating in Obese Children and Adolescents.” International Journal of Eating Disorders, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 6 Dec. 2002, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eat.10110.

In this study, A group of 126 adolescents seeking care because of their obesity were selected. A self‐report version of the Eating Disorder Examination was administered. Binge eating episodes were reported by 36.5% of obese children. 6% reported two or more episodes of binge eating a week. Obese binge eaters differed from obese non–binge eaters in self‐esteem and in a broad range of eating‐related characteristics. Compared with obese non–binge eaters, the obese binge eaters were younger by a slight amount. Obese binge eaters did not differ from obese non–binge eaters in a degree of overweightness or depression though.

I chose this source because it talks about how children who suffer from obesity can be lead to binge-eating. However, it could be different, in other cases, the child may not binge eat. Both children with obesity, whether it be non-binging or binging, suffer the same physical and mental effects. Both have the same degree of developing depression or being overweight. The source shows how one type of eating disorder can physically and mentally mess with a child.

Littleton, H.L. & Ollendick, T. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev (2003) 6: 51. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022266017046

In this study, it talks about how school students can be unsatisfied with their bodies. In children aged 8 to 10, 55% of girls and 35% of boys were dissatisfied with their bodies. Negative body image and body dissatisfaction seem to increase with age, peaking around early adolescence, particularly with females. Another group of students who were in high school got surveyed and found that 81% of girls and 26% of boys stated that they often felt fat. A sizeable amount of these high school girls had a distorted body image, with 46% of them describing themselves as overweight when in reality only 12% were actually overweight.

I chose this source because it talks about how children can be dissatisfied with their bodies. This dissatisfaction can lead to a warped perception on their weight because of what other children tell them. Body dissatisfaction can also lead to these children taking up on a eating disorder. These disorders can range from anorexia to binge eating. It also shows that girls are more prone to being dissatisfied with their appearance, therefore they are more likely to take up on eating disorders.

Derenne, J.L. & Beresin, E.V. Acad Psychiatry (2006) 30: 257. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.30.3.257

This source talks about how Eating disorders, including obesity, are a major public health problem today. Throughout history, body image has been determined by various factors, including media. Exposure to mass media like television, movies, magazines, or the internet is connected with obesity and negative body image which may lead to eating disorders. Throughout history, the ideal of beauty has been difficult to achieve and has been shaped by social constructs. Current mass media is powerful, is leading to increased body dissatisfaction among both men and women. To help with this parents need to limit their child’s exposure to media, promote healthy eating, and moderate physical activity, and encourage participation in activities that increase mastery and self-esteem.

I chose this source because it lists some of the reasons that children have eating disorders. A lot of kids have these disorders due to what they see online or on television. They see all of these actors and actresses with unrealistic bodies and the child then sees themselves as overweight. When they do this they may develop unhealthy dieting techniques and hurt themselves. It also makes sure that parents realize that if this happens they need to help out their child.

“Early Childhood Eating Behaviors and Adolescent Eating Disorders.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Elsevier, 4 Jan. 2010, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856709651170.

 In this article, Maladaptive eating patterns were traced longitudinally in a random sample of children. Pickiness and concern with weight were more common in girls than in boys, and the pickiness declined with age. No age or sex differences in family contention around meals nor in bingeing were shown. All problem behaviors showed stability over the 10-year span studied, beginning at ages 1 to 10. Certain eating and digestive problems in early childhood were predictive of symptoms of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa in adolescence. Findings regarding prospective risks implicate pica and problem meals in early childhood for later bulimia nervosa; suggesting problems in the self-control of eating behavior as well as eating-related family struggles. Risks in early childhood for subsequent symptoms of anorexia nervosa include picky eating and digestive problems.

I chose this source because it talks about what eating disorders children have. It talks about how the disorder develops, and how it affects them later in their childhood. It also talks about studies between boys and girls. And it talks about mental issues like family problems can lead to those eating disorders. Finally it talks about how they can diagnose these disorders based off of the symptoms of these children.

Lydecker, J. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2016). Different Yet Similar: Examining Race and Ethnicity in Treatment-Seeking Adults With Binge Eating Disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 88–94. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.csn.edu/10.1037/ccp0000048

In this source, it is a study that is comparing how different races are affected by eating disorders. Black people were more prone to having a larger BMI than white people, and they also were more likely to binge eat than white people. White and Hispanic people had a higher risk of depression than Black people. Those factors remained unchanged between all of the differences, including race, age, sex, and education level. The main difference is that black people are more likely to suffer from physical changes while Hispanic and white people are more likely to suffer from mental changes.

 I chose this source because it shows the difference between race in adults and how ethnicity affects different factors in eating disorders. It also explains how these disorders can be passed down. Black people at the most at risk for binge eating disorder and white and Hispanic people are more at risk for depression. This means that if you are black you are at more of a risk of a physical problem, and if you are white or Hispanic you are at more of a risk of mental problems. It helps us understand how genetics can also affect how people get these disorders.

Peat, C. M., Peyerl, N. L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2008). Body image and eating disorders in older adults: A review. The Journal of General Psychology, 135(4), 343-58. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.csn.edu/docview/213637984?accountid=27953

Self-completion is a strong attribute to how a person feels about themselves, and body image is a big factor in that. One’s disappointment in their own body leads to different disorders, the main disorder being food disorders. The source then goes on to talk about how older people feel in their skin. The main contributor to people not feeling comfortable or feeling comfortable in their skin is sociocultural factors. Older women with eating disorders either develop them while they are older due to the pressure of wanting to be thin or because it has happened before in their life and it is just a recurring pattern

I chose this source because most of the time when you think of eating disorders you would think of only teens and adults having it. However, you may not think that older people would have an eating disorder. You are used to old people always being happy and they seem to be living without a care. But just because they are old doesn’t mean they don’t care about how they look. So when they become unhappy with their body shape they sometimes develop an eating disorder.

Rosen D.S., Blythe M.J., Braverman P.K., Breuner C.C., Levine D.A., Murray P.J., O’Brien R.F., Siegel W.M. Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents (2010)  Pediatrics,  126  (6), pp. 1240-1253.

  A recent analysis by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality revealed that from 1999 to 2006, hospitalizations for eating disorders increased most sharply—119%—for children younger than 12 years. A number of studies have shown that most adolescent girls express concerns about being overweight, and many may diet inappropriately. Younger patients (<13 years of age) with eating disorders are more likely to have premorbid psychopathology (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or other anxiety disorders) and are less likely to have binge/purge behaviors associated with their illness. Most adolescent patients with eating disorders will be treated in outpatient settings. Pediatricians play an important role in the management of these patients, assessing treatment progress, screening for and managing medical complications, and coordinating care with nutrition and mental health colleagues.

 I chose this source because it talks about the actions that adolescents take to act on these eating disorders. It also shows the consequences of the actions taken by these children. A lot of children end up in the hospital because of the lack of food that they are getting. The children also have to consult with a pediatrician, so that way the pediatrician can try to help that child’s warped perception. This article also talks about how these children with eating disorders are more likely to have depression and other anxiety disorders along with the eating disorder.

References

• Brytek-Matera, A. (2012). Orthorexia Nervosa — an eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder or disturbed eating habit? Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, 14(1), 55–60. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=80160001&site=ehost-live
• Davenport, K., Houston, J. E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Excessive Eating and Compulsive Buying Behaviours in Women: An Empirical Pilot Study Examining Reward Sensitivity, Anxiety, Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Social Desirability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(4), 474–489. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ974256&site=ehost-live
• Decaluwé, Veerle, et al. “Binge Eating in Obese Children and Adolescents.” International Journal of Eating Disorders, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 6 Dec. 2002, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eat.10110.
• Derenne, J.L. & Beresin, E.V. Acad Psychiatry (2006) 30: 257. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.30.3.257
• Early Childhood Eating Behaviors and Adolescent Eating Disorders.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Elsevier, 4 Jan. 2010, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856709651170.
• Littleton, H.L. & Ollendick, T. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev (2003) 6: 51. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022266017046
• Lydecker, J. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2016). Different Yet Similar: Examining Race and Ethnicity in Treatment-Seeking Adults With Binge Eating Disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 88–94. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.csn.edu/10.1037/ccp0000048
• Peat, C. M., Peyerl, N. L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2008). Body image and eating disorders in older adults: A review. The Journal of General Psychology, 135(4), 343-58. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.csn.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.library.csn.edu/docview/213637984?accountid=27953
• Rosen D.S., Blythe M.J., Braverman P.K., Breuner C.C., Levine D.A., Murray P.J., O’Brien R.F., Siegel W.M. Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents (2010) Pediatrics, 126 (6), pp. 1240-1253.