Philosophy Essays

The Relationship Between Society And The Individual

Example essay. Published: 28th Apr 2017

New ‘Values’In Brave New World ‘Everyone else is belongs to everyone else’ is whispered to human’s ears during their sleep in Brave New World; from the very beginning of ...

The Relevance Of Darwinism In Todays World Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This paper reflects the application, utility and the shortcomings of the “Darwin’s theory of competition and survival of fittest” to the present scenario where sustainability is bein ...

The Relevance Of Harmony In Contemporary Design Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Through years, harmony has always been seen has a perception of a global perfection of beauty. The connection between two or more parts combined together and making a good relationship with each other ...

The Relevance Of Legal Positivism

Example essay. Published: 12th May 2017

I have chosen to critically examine The Contemporary Relevance of Legal Positivism by Professor Brian Z Tamanaha who has written on the topic of legal positivism, and this is a legal theory that great ...

The Relevance Of Relativism In Nursing Practice Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

It is relative. In a world of increasing cultural diversity, it can seem that everything is indeed relative. But should we concede that there is such thing as right or wrong, and no objective truth? I ...

The Respect For Military Authority Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The United States Army is structured on several values and principles that it upholds, among these are military bearing, discipline and respect. These principles represents what the organization str ...

The Revenge Vs Justice Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Moby Dick or The Whale by Herman Melville tells the adventure of Ishmael and his voyage on the ship the Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. But Captain Ahab has an obsessive goal to kill the Whale beca ...

The Rhetoric And Introductory Research Writing Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Most people believe the vision system exists solely in the eyes. In reality, the eyes make up only a small part of the system. For instance, just as the camera is a small item in a large TV station, ...

The Right To Die Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The right to die simply means The right of a terminally ill person to refuse life-sustaining treatment. The right to die has been a heavily debated topic for many years, and there are proponents on bo ...

The Right To Live Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Per the US Code at Title 18, “murder” is defined as: “the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. Every murder perpetrated by poison, lying in wait, or any other ...

The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behaviour Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Ethical behaviour as it relates to the Counselling and Consulting Psychologist is a matter of “life and death”. Good ethical decisions lead to life, vibrancy and growth of the psychologica ...

The Role And Importance Of Manners Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Imagine if you are in an interview for a job, or at a formal occasion, but behaving like a monkey, jumping here and there. Or saying bad words while you are in a public area, what would people say abo ...

The Role And Importance Of Personal Identity Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

“Trying to define yourself is like trying to bite your own teeth” – Alan Watts. Personal Identity play its role as to define human with quality of its own which makes him or her a un ...

The Role And Importance Of The Sun Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

We know that the sun is very important to us but the main question is why. We all understand that the sun supplies Earth with never ending energy that we use in multiple ways. The energy comes in as h ...

The Role And Teachings Of The Dalai Lama Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

“It is up to each of us to make the best use of our time to help create a happier world”1. The mark of the 21st century embraced upon a civilization corrupted with greed for power. It orig ...

The Role And Use Of Marijuana Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Marijuana is a gateway drug to those who use and misuse the drug. Marijuana is classified as a gateway drug, one that helps people escape their reality and hide in their dreams; while most use it for ...

The Role of Consciousness in the Movement of Existentialism

Example essay. Published: 24th Aug 2021

This paper aims to briefly write about the role of consciousness in the movement of existentialism. We will discuss primarily and briefly the respective existential preoccupations of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche to set the mood of our endeavour; to which we will end by addressing in deeper detail into Sartre’s conception of consciousness and the denial of it, viz. bad faith. Sartre would be treated more deeply because I hold that he is the culmination of existential movement. ...

The Role Of God In Rene Descartes Meditations

Example essay. Published: 1st May 2017

In this essay I am going to argue that God plays a significant role in René Descartes’ Meditations, as he argues for God’s existence using different arguments, however I find him to be in ...

The Role Of Jealousy And Your Relationship

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2017

Do you find yourself constantly checking your boyfriend’s/girlfriend’s cellphone, hacking their email, looking through their purse, briefcase , looking for solid evidence to prove their d ...

The Role Of Pleasure In The Happy Life

Example essay. Published: 18th Apr 2017

Choose two philosophers covered so far and use their work to discuss the role of “pleasure” in the happy life.  I choose to pick Epicurus as one of the philosophers to be discussed becaus ...

The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory. Both in its origins and in its evolution in the ...

The Rules Of The Sociological Method Response Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Over time the study and application of social sciences have become to be viewed differently in comparison to those in the realm of natural sciences. By definition and practise Social sciences rely mor ...

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

Example essay. Published: 5th May 2017

Sapir argued that : We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir 1958 [1929], p. 69) ...

The Search For The Justice Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

For centuries the meaning of justice has been discussed between men. What exactly is the standard of being Just? One’s search for the meaning of Justice can be found in the Book Plato’s Re ...

The Search Warrant Process Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this paper, there will be explanations on the Search Warrant, what it is, how to write one. Also along with the Search Warrant there will be affidavits, what it is, expert opinions, and even exampl ...

The Selfish Gene Theory Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Dawkins proposed that the individual is merely a carrier for genes (the replicators), and that the body acts as a pre-coded tool by which these genes propagate themselves, adapting over time to suit t ...

The Sense Datum Theory Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The following essay purports to first expound the arguments for sense datum theory and then critically analyse the theory to demonstrate its shortcomings. In order to present the arguments for sense d ...

The Significance Of The Enlightenment Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The purpose of writing this essay is to understand and analyse the significance of the Enlightenment in the development of the scientific method.This paper has been divided into three parts. The first ...

The Singer Solution To World Poverty

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2017

Poverty is the state of people who do not have a certain amount of income to achieve the basic needs. Peoples buying power is not enough to pay their basic need from food. In the article Peter Singer& ...

The Single World Order | An analysis

Example essay. Published: 12th May 2017

Albert Schweitzer once said that “The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.” How do we develop this sense of solidarity? All begins from y ...

The Sleeping Barber Problem Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This report includes concurrent programming and deadlocks that were created and analysed throughout the report. There are two parts that include in the report; The Sleeping Barber Problem and The Dini ...

The Social Contract According to Immanuel Kant

Example essay. Published: 10th Sep 2021

In a society that the people are free to do as they see fit and are governed by natural laws, where individuals can abuse and exploit of one another and there is no fear of consequences is known as the state of nature. ...

The Social Contract The Ideas Of John Locke Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

“The reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property; and the end why they chuse and authorize a legislative, is, that there may be laws made, and rules set, as guards a ...

The Social Contract Theory Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The term social contract describes a broad class of philosophical theories whose subject is the implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. In laymen’s terms, th ...

The Socio Political Theory Of Marxism Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The origin of, estrangement, or “self-alienation” was religious in nature and later became metaphysical. The ideas prevailing in the society, where Marx developed his thought process were ...

The Sociology Of Family Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The world is made by all diverse people and cultures. We all have different viewpoints and think differently even though we all are human beings. We were all brought to this world to accomplish and ac ...

The Sorites Paradox And The Epistemic Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Soritic thinking that is based on reasoning, which is entailed in the sorites paradox plays an important role in some forms of weakness of will. Such reasoning based on soritic thinking leads to failu ...

The Soul As The Enduring Self

Example essay. Published: 10th May 2017

Furthermore, according to the passage, Stelios in Mars can feel and think exactly the same as real Stelios in the earth mean that Stelios’s soul is still the same. He is able to know who he is, ...

The state of human nature

Example essay. Published: 27th Feb 2017

Assignment The State of Human Nature The conflict on the ideas between Thomas Hobbes and Rousseau in terms of the definition of human nature is seen like a state without social structure. In his book ...

The Stoic And Epicurean Understanding Of Happiness Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The term happiness and happy have been exposed in the literature of the moral Philosophy. Almost everyone thinks that happiness is one of the most important goals, if not the supreme goal, of life. [ ...

The Stranger, Albert Camus | Themes of Existentialism

Example essay. Published: 1st Jun 2017

Certain aspects of existentialism are witnessed in The Stranger. Existentialists attempt to direct our attention to ourselves as individuals. They force us to think about our relation to such topics as the existence and nature of God. ...

The Struggle Between Liberty And Authority Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

“The struggle between Liberty and Authority is the most conspicuous feature in portions of history” (Mill 1975: 1294). Authority, to most ages and cultures, is seen as a necessary factor w ...

The Subjectivity In Science Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Before joining KTH, in addition before taking couple of courses like philosophy of science and Scientific Writing and Methodology, I have general concepts about science. In my basic understanding, any ...

The Subjects Of Truth And Deception Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The subjects of truth and deception are things that concerns everyone in the world, also it something everyone wants to find out. The search for the truth is basically what life revolves around, wheth ...

The Survival Of Myth Despite Science Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The survival of myth despite the advancement of science and philosophy in the classical Greek world can be explained by its connection with so many facets of Greek culture – education, literatur ...

The Sutras, Samkhya Philosophy

Example essay. Published: 25th May 2017

The Sutras are built on a foundation of Samkhya philosophy. The division into the Eight Limbs (Sanskrit Ashtanga) of Yoga is reminiscent of Buddhas Noble Eightfold Path; inclusion of Brahmaviharas (Yo ...

The Teaching Of Moral Excellence Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Socrates and Meno have an ongoing debate about virtue. They both find virtue very difficult to define, and in turn, ask the question whether virtue can be taught or whether or not it is acquired natur ...

The Teachings Of Buddha And Buddhism

Example essay. Published: 21st Apr 2017

Buddha is the principal figure in the religion of Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses and simple rules, which involve the renouncing of earthly pursuits in order to wholly devote one’ ...

The Teenage Pregnancy Dilemma In Indonesia Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

One of the biggest dilemma in Indonesia is abortion. Why it is become one of the biggest dilemma in this country? The reason is it is against the law of humanity. Fetus in mother’s womb has righ ...

The Theoretical Similarities Between Hinduism And Plato Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In the stories of Hindu’s Bhagavad Gita and Plato’s Phaedrus, there are underlying parallel themes. Phaedrus, a dialectic not restricted to a single subject, passes from one subject to ano ...

The Theories Of Intellectual Property Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction: The term intellectual property refers to a loose cluster of legal doctrines that regulate the uses of different sorts of ideas and insignia.  The law of copyright protects various origi ...

The Theories Of Structuralism And Functionalism Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This research paper will explain both theories of structuralism and functionalism by using the dualist prospective to explain the interactional pattern between both these theories with the mind and bo ...

The Theory Of Determinism And Its Supporters Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

A concept of various events within a given paradigm bound by any state of an object or event on a mass magnitude by prior states is defined as Determinism. The philosophical understanding of this theo ...

The Theory Of Functionalism

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

The theory of functionalism is the oldest, and may also be the most dominant theoretical perspective of sociology. Functionalism agrees that brain states are responsible for mental states, but disagre ...

The Theory Of Knowledge

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

Option 3; “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to kn ...

The Theory Of Parallelism

Example essay. Published: 10th May 2017

Mind and body is considered as a separate form of human. By giving an example for mind such as sad, euphoria, angry or happy, it is considered as mind. A mind can be explained as what we called &#8220 ...

The Theory Of Physicalism

Example essay. Published: 18th Apr 2017

Abstract: Physicalism is the theory that the universe and its phenomenon can all be explained through physical laws because physicalists believe the universe is completely physical. A philosophical th ...

The Theory Of Substance Dualism

Example essay. Published: 4th May 2017

An argument has been made against Descartes interactive substance dualism theory that will be analyzed and evaluated in this paper. The Christian apologist J.P. Moreland argued in an online video that ...

The Theory Of Virtue Ethics Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

After analyzing works by both Plato and Aristotle, one can believe that modern virtue ethics have always emphasized the importance of moral education, not as the inculcation of rules but as the traini ...

The Things They Carried Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Things They Carried is author by storyteller Tim O’Brien and addresses truth through fiction. He has taken the acts of the Vietnam War and told them through a series of stories. The charac ...

The Third Eye

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

”There is no difference in principle between sharpening perception with an external instrument, such as a microscope, and sharpening it with an internal instrument, such as one of these…dr ...

The Topic of Science and God in Frankenstein

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

What is science? In the nineteenth century many believed it was attempting to play God. During this era new scientific discoveries in Europe were immense, and controversy over them was extreme. ...

The Tragedy Of Macbeth – Two Faced Macbeth

Example essay. Published: 7th Jun 2017

The Tragedy of Macbeth, a play by William Shakespeare is a tragedy of death and dishonesty surrounded by the noblemen of Scotland. The two main characters are Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis and his wife ...

The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis

Example essay. Published: 30th May 2017

In “The Tragedy of the Commons”, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. First, I will explain Hardin’s arguments against appea ...

The Transcendental Movement: History and Concepts

Example essay. Published: 16th Apr 2018

The Transcendental Movement centered on thriving to discover the age-old philosophical question: What exactly is the true meaning of life? In order to find an answer, Transcendentalists focused on fi ...

The Trial Of Andres Bonifacio The Appeal Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

How the man of freedom suddenly became traitor? How does it feel? And how does it feel to be sentenced death by telling the truth? We all know that history gives us the knowledge that we can use in ou ...

The True Meaning Of Freedom Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Freedom is one of the central philosophic categories in characterizing the essence of man and his existence. In the history of philosophic idea this conception got over a long evolution process- from ...

The Truth In Hard Determinism Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Over the years the problem of free will versus determinism has been a phenomena to philosophers for many years. It has been a huge issue, because without the presence of free will there cannot be mora ...

The Types And Definitions Of Stigma

Example essay. Published: 21st Apr 2017

Stigma is a Greek word meaning mark, cut or burn into the skin, to identify criminal slaves as polluted and shunned in public. However, in a simple term stigma are classed as being represented for p ...

The Ultimate Happiness Secrets Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Do you ever wonder why you cant get it right when look at people who seem happy. Why is it that some people are capable of living life having fun while many others struggle to live through the day? Wh ...

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living | Discuss

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2017

“The unexamined life is not worth living” (Socrates). The inquiry performed by those endowed with a rational element, consists of attaining an end towards which this inquiry directs itself ...

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Socrates Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

“The unexamined life is not worth living.” With these words, Socrates stated the creed of reflective men and women and set the task for ethics: to seek, with the help of reason, a consist ...

The Unity of Faith and Reason

Example essay. Published: 29th Oct 2021

The unification of theology and philosophy has been a problem for centuries. Saint Augustine was one of the first philosophers to address this issue within his philosophy. ...

The Use Of Corporal Punishment In Schools Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In schools across the world, students are still being paddled, hit with belts, and physically punished by other means. This is known as corporal punishment. Some Americans believe that it is a practic ...

The Use Of Torture In Guantanamo Bay Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Since the opening and the use of the Guantanamo Bay as a military prison that was allowing the use of torture to get information from prisoners there has been a rise in public debate over whether ther ...

The Utilitarianism And Principlism Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Utilitarianism, started by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the opposition to Christian ethics, is a theory in ethics, which favors the idea of maximiz ...

The Value Of Happiness In The Workplace

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

To write this essay, I mixed the main findings of the text and included some additional references with my own opinion. I believe that the text wants us to reflect on this question: does work allow ha ...

The Various Stages Of The Method Of Doubt Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The 17th Century was an era between The Renaissance and The Enlightenment exposed with highly significant advancements, especially within the field of mathematics and physics, creating the new modern ...

The Very Concept Or Idea Of God Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Ontological arguments attempt to show that the very concept or idea of God implies his reality; that is, that ones being able to clearly conceive of God somehow implies that God actually exists. The o ...

The Visionary Behind The Spanish Architect Santiago Calatrava

Example essay. Published: 2nd May 2017

Intuitive vision that lures experienced and studied phenomena greatly enriches human endeavor, just as much as structural theory and geometry have the ability to inspire monumental works of architectu ...

The Way We See And Understand Things – Essay

Example essay. Published: 13th Apr 2017

This is a famous quote and it is really significant in our world and in our lives in the recent time. First of all we need to look at the two most important two words ‘see’ and ‘unde ...

The White Cube Is Designed To Neutralize Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Here’s the question: In your own words, how would you describe the connections between the idea of white(ness) and the themes in Buckingham’s work? *If you want to include references to ou ...

The Witches In Macbeth Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Witches are known to be extremely blood thirsty. When I say that they are blood thirsty, they are not necessarily thirsty for animals, like I lion would be, but they thirst for men! The very first sce ...

The Women In Buddhism Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, based the religion on his teachings. He lived about 26 centuries ago in northeastern India, which is now known as Nepal. Siddhartha was eventually known ...

The Wonders Of Buoyancy Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Many people wonder why an extremely heavy steel ship can float when a tiny pebble sinks into the water’s deeps. How can this amazing fact be? The answer is buoyancy. Buoyancy is the incredible f ...

The Work Of Newton And Leibniz Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

“Calculus is a means for calculating the way quantities vary with each other, rather than just quantities themselves” [1] .It is known as the greatest invention of mathematics and it was ...

The Work Of Ruth Benedict

Example essay. Published: 20th Apr 2017

Ruth Benedict’s studies on moral relativism produced intriguing information regarding cultures, how they behave, and how customs are essential in determining an individual’s perception of ...

The Worst From Suffering Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Suffering is the pain and sorrow in which a person could endure that could bring out the best or worst within a person. In Life of Pi written by Yann Martel and “A Good Man Is Hard to Find&#8221 ...

Theistic Argument of Morals: Does God Exist?

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

The moral arguments regarding the existence of God form a wide range that reason the moral life or some feature of morality to the existence of a divine creator, who is usually understood to be a ...

Themes In ‘Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring’

Example essay. Published: 21st Jul 2021

Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring directed by Kim Ki-Duk is a beautiful film about a young Buddhist monk who progresses through the four seasons of life, from childhood to old age. Buddhism is a system of doctrine and practice largely based on the teachings of Gautama Siddhartha commonly known as the Buddha ‘enlightened’ or ‘awakened’. ...

Theoretical Perspective Of Principal Agent Theory

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

According to Random House Dictionary, theory is “a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena”. In the formal meanings of the term, t ...

Theories and Models of Counseling

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Introduction Today my assignment will attempt to try and explain four different professional counseling theories and therapies with a demonstration of comparison to each one. I will prov ...

Theories And Principles Of Counseling And Psychotherapy Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Mr. Alberts, a 28-year-old unmarried accountant, seeks consultation because ―I feel I am going nowhere with my life. Problems with his career and girlfriend have been escalating and are causing ...

Theories of Ethics and Morals

Example essay. Published: 11th Sep 2017

ESSAY Are Morals and Ethics different? Moral are the worries identified with the principles of good and awful direct or got from the set of accepted rules that is right or agreeable in a particular ...

Theories Of Intellectual Property Philosophy Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction: The term ‘intellectual property’ refers to a loose cluster of legal doctrines that regulate the uses of different sorts of ideas and insignia.  The law of copyright protects ...

Theories of myth

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Mythology involves sociological or even philosophical the studying of myths. Myths involve characters such as supernatural heroes or gods. Within sacred stories, the characters involved are priests an ...

Theories Of Personality: Albert Einstein

Example essay. Published: 10th May 2017

This paper will discuss about the life of Albert Einstein and how the different theories of the personality are applied on his life. Like the theory of Maslow in which he describes the five needs of t ...

Theories Of Punishment Understanding Deviance

Example essay. Published: 25th Apr 2017

The classical school represented by the works of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria assumes that the rational decision is always the decision that will maximise gain and minimise pain for each individ ...

Theories of Temperament: An Overview

Example essay. Published: 16th Apr 2018

The literal meaning of personality springs from the Latin word ‘persona’, the mask employed by roman theatre actors. personality refers to our characteristics ways in which of responding to peopl ...

Theories on Dualism in Philosophy

Example essay. Published: 22nd May 2017

Dualism in Philosophy is a theory which, at its basis, holds two radically distinct principles or concepts. One of the most commonly held interpretations of dualism is the concept of the existence of ...