Diketo Analogues and Their Significance

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal chemistry is the branch of science, which has remarkable value for synthesis of novel drugs with intense therapeutic activity. It concerns with discovery, development, identification and interpretation of mode of action of biologically active compounds at molecular level.

The molecular biological revolution and progressive mapping of human ‘genome’ have created a new biochemical and biostructural ‘world order.’1

These developments have provided new challenges and opportunities for drug research in general and drug design in particular. Pure organic compounds, natural or synthetic products are the chief source of agents for the cure, the mitigation or the prevention of disease today. The major objectives of the medicinal chemists are transformation of pathobiochemical and physiological data into a ‘chemical language’ with the aim of designing molecules interacting specifically with the derailed or degenerating processes in the diseased organisms.

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The development of chemotherapy during past 60 years constitute one of most important therapeutic advances in history of medicine and antimicrobial drugs are the greatest contribution of present century to therapeutics2. Potential therapeutic targets are being disclosed with increasing frequency and the exponential growth will continue during the next decades.

In this situation there is a need for rapid and effective target validation and for accelerated lead discovery procedures. Organic chemists are increasingly directing their attention towards synthetic aspects of biomolecules and biologically active compounds, biosynthesized by plants and animals.

Many important biochemical compounds and drugs of natural origin contain heterocyclic ring structures. Many of them are employed in treatment of many infectious diseases due to their specific activity, but their use in treatment is attributed to their inherent toxicity to various pathogens.

DIKETO ANALOGUES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

Antibacterial

The quinolones³ are well known synthetic antibacterial agents with di keto moiety some examples are Ciprofloxacin (1) & Norfloxacin (2).

Boteva⁴ et al synthesized some Halogen Substituted 4,5-dibenzoyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dione derivatives (2-6) & evaluated for Antibacterial Activity.

Anti HIV

The first report of a class of compounds that inhibit HIV integrase appeared in 1992. Aurin tricarboxylic acids and derivatives were determined to inhibit 3’ processing of viral cDNA with moderate iC50 values of 10-50micromolar.

Thus the 1^st pharmacophore with integrase inhibitory activity was determined i.e. aromatic rings with multiple hydroxyl substituents positioned on same ring or present close together in a 3D space if rings stack on top of each other. Since then considerable amount of work has been carried out in developing potential inhibitors of integrase taking the above compounds as leads.

Presently there is only one FDA approved drug used as integrase inhibitor i.e. Raltegravir or Isentress, (7) approved in 2007. Elvitegravir (8) is another potential integrase inhibitor which is in phase III clinical trial⁵.

THIOPHENE ANALOGS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

Thiophene (9) and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds possessing broad biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory⁶, analgesic⁶, antioxidant⁷, antitubercular⁸, antidepressant⁹, sedative⁹, antiamoebic¹⁰, oral analgesic¹¹, antimetabolite¹², and antineoplastic properties¹³.

Antimicrobials

Thiophene analogues have been known as antibacterials. In the year 2007 Stephane et al¹⁴ reported the synthesis and antibacterial activity of arylbenzothiophenes (10) and diarylthiophenes. (11)

(10) (11)

In the year 2010 Kavitha P N et al¹⁵ reported the antimicrobial activity of 3- amino-2- mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (12-17) by using B. subtilus, K. pneumonia and A. niger.

Desai Akshay et al¹⁶ reported the synthesis of 2-thiophene-2- ethylthioureido-4- morpholino-6-(aryl) ureido-s-triazines.(18-23) These analogs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using S. typhi, C. albicans.

Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al¹⁷ reported synthesis of 4-hydrazino-2- mehylthio-5-ethyl-6- methylthieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine (24) which is evaluated as antimicrobial agent by using B.cereus, V.cholerae, A.alternate.

(24)

Shiradkar M. et al¹⁸ reported synthesis of N-[3-(substituted)-7H- [1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine / thiadiazol-4,5,6,7- tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophenes (25-32) as good antimicrobial agents by using E.coli, S.aureus, A.nigar.

Ahmed M. M. et al¹⁹ reported synthesis of 4-(substituted)-7-cyano- 6-phenyl aminothieno [3,2-d] pyrimidins (33-34) and evaluated as good antimicrobial agents by using B.subtilis and St.aureus, compared with reference drug Amoxicillin.

The 6-methyl-2-phenyl-3-(substituted)-3H-thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-ones (35-38) has been reported by Chander Mohan et al²⁰ and evaluated for antimicrobial activity by using B. subtilis, E.coli, P.aeruginosa compared with standard drug Ciprofloxacin.

Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al²¹ reported synthesis of thieno[3,2-e] imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-2(3H)ones (39) which was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S.typhi and A.alternatacompare to reference drugs Ampicillin with Nystatin.

(39)

Shetty Nitin kumar et al²² reported synthesis of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-e] [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5- c]pyrimidine -8-ones (40-42) and evaluated for antibacterial activity against B. subtilis comparable to ampicilin.

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