Internal and External Influences on Business

Introduction

In today's dynamic business environment, organisations are subject to a myriad of influences that shape their operations, strategies, and overall performance. These influences can be broadly categorised into internal and external factors, each playing a crucial role in determining a company's success or failure. This essay aims to explore the various internal and external influences on businesses, analysing their impact and discussing how organisations can effectively manage and adapt to these factors. By understanding these influences, businesses can develop robust strategies to navigate challenges and capitalise on opportunities in an ever-changing marketplace.

Internal Influences on Business

Organisational Structure and Culture

One of the most significant internal influences on a business is its organisational structure and culture. The way a company is structured can greatly impact its efficiency, decision-making processes, and overall performance. As noted by Robbins and Judge (2017), organisational structure defines how tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated within a company. A well-designed structure can facilitate communication, enhance productivity, and foster innovation. Conversely, a poorly designed structure may lead to inefficiencies, conflicts, and reduced performance.

Organisational culture, on the other hand, refers to the shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that characterise the company and guide employee behaviour (Schein, 2017). A strong, positive culture can boost employee morale, increase job satisfaction, and improve overall organisational performance. For instance, companies like Google and Zappos are renowned for their unique cultures that prioritise employee well-being and creativity, which has contributed to their success (Bock, 2015).

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Human Resources and Leadership

The quality and management of human resources significantly influence a business's performance. Employees are the backbone of any organisation, and their skills, knowledge, and motivation directly impact productivity and innovation. Effective human resource management practices, including recruitment, training, and performance management, can lead to a more skilled and motivated workforce (Armstrong and Taylor, 2020).

Leadership also plays a crucial role in shaping a business's internal environment. Effective leaders can inspire and motivate employees, drive organisational change, and set a clear vision for the company. As highlighted by Northouse (2018), transformational leadership, in particular, can have a profound impact on employee performance and organisational outcomes. For example, Microsoft's resurgence under Satya Nadella's leadership demonstrates how effective leadership can transform a company's fortunes (Nadella, Shaw and Nichols, 2017).

Financial Resources and Management

A business's financial resources and how they are managed are critical internal influences. The availability of capital, cash flow management, and financial decision-making all impact a company's ability to operate, invest, and grow. According to Brealey, Myers and Allen (2020), effective financial management can help businesses optimise their use of resources, manage risks, and create value for shareholders.

Moreover, the financial health of a company can influence its ability to attract investment, secure loans, and pursue growth opportunities. For instance, Tesla's ability to raise capital through various means has been crucial in supporting its rapid growth and technological innovations in the electric vehicle market (Vance, 2015).

External Influences on Business

Economic Factors

The economic environment in which a business operates can have a profound impact on its performance and strategic decisions. Factors such as economic growth rates, inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates all influence business operations. For example, during periods of economic recession, businesses may face reduced consumer demand, tighter credit conditions, and increased competition (Sloman, Garratt and Wride, 2018).

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the significant impact that economic factors can have on businesses across various sectors. Many companies have had to adapt their strategies, cut costs, and explore new revenue streams to survive in the challenging economic environment (McKinsey & Company, 2020).

Political and Legal Factors

Political and legal factors, including government policies, regulations, and legislation, can significantly influence business operations. Changes in tax laws, employment regulations, environmental policies, and trade agreements can all impact a company's costs, operations, and competitive position (Worthington and Britton, 2018).

Brexit, for instance, has had far-reaching implications for businesses operating in the UK and EU. Companies have had to navigate new trade regulations, adapt to changes in the labour market, and reassess their supply chains (Begg and Mushövel, 2019). Similarly, the increasing focus on data protection regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU, has required businesses to invest in compliance measures and reassess their data management practices (Voigt and Von dem Bussche, 2017).

Technological Advancements

Rapid technological advancements have become a major external influence on businesses across all sectors. The rise of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and automation has disrupted traditional business models and created new opportunities for innovation and growth. According to Schwab (2017), we are in the midst of a Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterised by the fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.

Businesses that fail to adapt to technological changes risk becoming obsolete. For example, the rise of e-commerce has significantly impacted traditional brick-and-mortar retailers, forcing many to adapt their business models or face decline (Laudon and Traver, 2021). Conversely, companies that embrace technological innovations can gain a competitive advantage. Amazon's success in leveraging technology for its e-commerce and cloud computing services exemplifies how businesses can thrive by staying at the forefront of technological advancements (Stone, 2021).

Social and Cultural Factors

Social and cultural factors, including demographic trends, changing consumer preferences, and shifts in societal values, can significantly influence business operations and strategies. As societies evolve, businesses must adapt to meet changing consumer demands and expectations.

For instance, the growing awareness of environmental issues and sustainability has led to increased demand for eco-friendly products and services. Companies that have embraced sustainability as a core part of their business strategy, such as Patagonia and Unilever, have been able to build strong brand loyalty and differentiate themselves in the market (Whelan and Fink, 2016).

Similarly, the rise of social media and the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility have changed the way businesses interact with their customers and stakeholders. Companies now need to be more transparent and responsive to consumer feedback and social issues to maintain their reputation and market position (Kotler and Sarkar, 2017).

Competitive Environment

The competitive landscape in which a business operates is a crucial external influence. Porter's Five Forces model provides a framework for analysing the competitive environment, considering the threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat of substitute products, and rivalry among existing competitors (Porter, 2008).

In today's globalised economy, businesses face competition not only from local rivals but also from international players. The rise of digital platforms and the gig economy has further intensified competition in many sectors. For example, traditional taxi companies have faced significant challenges from ride-hailing platforms like Uber and Lyft, forcing them to adapt their business models and improve their services (Cramer and Krueger, 2016).

Managing and Adapting to Internal and External Influences

To thrive in the face of various internal and external influences, businesses must develop strategies to effectively manage and adapt to these factors. This requires a combination of proactive planning, flexibility, and continuous innovation.

Strategic Planning and Environmental Scanning

Effective strategic planning involves regularly assessing both internal and external environments to identify potential opportunities and threats. Environmental scanning techniques, such as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis and PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal) analysis, can help businesses understand the various influences affecting their operations (Johnson et al., 2017).

By conducting thorough environmental scans, businesses can anticipate changes in their operating environment and develop strategies to mitigate risks and capitalise on opportunities. For instance, scenario planning can help companies prepare for different possible futures and develop contingency plans (Ramirez and Wilkinson, 2016).

Organisational Agility and Adaptability

In today's rapidly changing business environment, organisational agility has become increasingly important. Agile organisations are better equipped to respond quickly to changes in their internal and external environments, allowing them to seize opportunities and navigate challenges more effectively (Worley et al., 2014).

Developing a culture of continuous learning and innovation can help businesses become more adaptable. This may involve investing in employee training and development, encouraging experimentation, and fostering a mindset of continuous improvement throughout the organisation (Dweck, 2016).

Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration

Engaging with various stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and local communities, can help businesses better understand and respond to internal and external influences. By fostering open communication and collaboration with stakeholders, companies can gain valuable insights, build trust, and develop more resilient strategies (Freeman et al., 2010).

Moreover, collaborating with external partners, such as suppliers, research institutions, or even competitors, can help businesses access new resources, knowledge, and capabilities to address complex challenges and pursue innovation (Chesbrough, 2019).

Conclusion

In conclusion, businesses operate in a complex environment shaped by a multitude of internal and external influences. Internal factors such as organisational structure, culture, human resources, leadership, and financial management play a crucial role in determining a company's capabilities and performance. External influences, including economic conditions, political and legal factors, technological advancements, social and cultural shifts, and the competitive landscape, present both challenges and opportunities for businesses.

To succeed in this dynamic environment, organisations must develop strategies to effectively manage and adapt to these influences. This involves continuous environmental scanning, strategic planning, fostering organisational agility, and engaging with stakeholders. By understanding and proactively addressing both internal and external influences, businesses can build resilience, drive innovation, and achieve sustainable success in an ever-changing marketplace.

References

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Begg, I. and Mushövel, F. (2019) The economic impact of Brexit: jobs, growth and the public finances. European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bock, L. (2015) Work rules!: Insights from inside Google that will transform how you live and lead. London: John Murray.

Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C. and Allen, F. (2020) Principles of corporate finance. 13th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Chesbrough, H. (2019) Open innovation results: Going beyond the hype and getting down to business. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cramer, J. and Krueger, A.B. (2016) 'Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber', American Economic Review, 106(5), pp. 177-182.

Dweck, C.S. (2016) Mindset: The new psychology of success. Updated edn. New York: Ballantine Books.

Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Parmar, B.L. and De Colle, S. (2010) Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D. and Regnér, P. (2017) Exploring strategy. 11th edn. Harlow: Pearson.

Kotler, P. and Sarkar, C. (2017) 'The case for brand activism: A new marketing paradigm', Journal of Brand Strategy, 6(1), pp. 13-22.

Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G. (2021) E-commerce 2021-2022: Business, technology and society. 17th edn. Harlow: Pearson.

McKinsey & Company (2020) COVID-19: Implications for business. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business (Accessed: 15 September 2024).

Nadella, S., Shaw, G. and Nichols, J.T. (2017) Hit refresh: The quest to rediscover Microsoft's soul and imagine a better future for everyone. New York: HarperBusiness.

Northouse, P.G. (2018) Leadership: Theory and practice. 8th edn. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Porter, M.E. (2008) 'The five competitive forces that shape strategy', Harvard Business Review, 86(1), pp. 78-93.

Ramirez, R. and Wilkinson, A. (2016) Strategic reframing: The Oxford scenario planning approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T.A. (2017) Organizational behavior. 17th edn. Harlow: Pearson.

Schein, E.H. (2017) Organizational culture and leadership. 5th edn. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Schwab, K. (2017) The fourth industrial revolution. New York: Crown Business.

Sloman, J., Garratt, D. and Wride, A. (2018) Economics. 10th edn. Harlow: Pearson.

Stone, B. (2021) Amazon unbound: Jeff Bezos and the invention of a global empire. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Vance, A. (2015) Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the quest for a fantastic future. New York: Ecco.

Voigt, P. and Von dem Bussche, A. (2017) The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A practical guide. Cham: Springer.

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AI Feedback:

1. Structure:
   Rating: Good
   The essay structure comprehensively deals with different aspects of the question, divided into clear, logical sections and subsections. The introduction sets up the essay well, and the conclusion effectively summarizes the main points. The use of appropriate headings guides the reader through the various internal and external influences on business.
2. Relevance:
   Rating: Good
   The essay is thoroughly relevant, with little to no drift off-topic. It consistently addresses the question of internal and external influences on business throughout. Each section directly contributes to answering the main question.
3. Argument:
   Rating: Good
   Most contentious claims are argued, and there's a clear attempt to engage with counter-arguments. The essay presents various perspectives within the field, such as different views on the impact of technological advancements or the role of organizational culture.
4. Evidence:
   Rating: Good
   The essay comprehensively covers the literature expected at this level. It uses a wide range of scholarly sources, including primary and secondary material. The evidence is well-integrated and supports the arguments effectively.
5. Originality/High-level research:
   Rating: Sufficient
   While the essay doesn't present genuinely original arguments, it does apply material from various business disciplines and relates work to contemporary issues (e.g., COVID-19, Brexit). The level of analysis seems appropriate for the student's level.
6. Style/presentation:
   Rating: Good
   There are no apparent errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation. The writing style is clear, professional, and appropriate for academic work.

Overall Assessment: Based on the UKessays marking rubric, this essay consistently meets the criteria for a "Good" rating across most categories. It demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the topic, presents well-structured arguments supported by relevant evidence, and maintains a high standard of academic writing.

The essay's strengths lie in its structure, relevance, use of evidence, and presentation. It effectively addresses the question of internal and external influences on business, providing a thorough exploration of various factors.

The area where the essay could potentially improve is in originality and high-level research. While it effectively applies existing knowledge to contemporary issues, it doesn't present notably unexpected arguments or original insights that would elevate it to the highest level of achievement.

In conclusion, based on this rubric, the essay would likely receive a high 2:1 or possibly a low First-class grade, depending on the specific grading standards of the institution. It's a very strong piece of academic writing that thoroughly addresses the given topic and meets high standards across most assessment criteria.