Virtual Reality And Its Impact On Society Information Technology Essay

Technology has transformed people's perception of the world by either creating new environments for them to traverse, or by providing them passage to corners of the earth they will never otherwise visit in their entire lifetimes. Virtual reality, briefly defined as an environment that is computer-simulated, has transcended social and geographical barriers ever since its applications have been increasingly used by everyday people. Whereas before it was limited only to labyrinth and high-cost applications availed of by expert users, virtual reality has now broadened its breadth to encompass the general public - which optimizes the Internet to configure, share and create virtual communities - benefitting society in the areas of education, law enforcement, medicine and industries.

Defining Virtual Reality

Virtual reality is an environment which is computer-simulated, and the simulation could be that of an imaginary world, or a real one (Gajera, n.d.). Virtual reality environments are mainly three-dimensional "visual experiences" that are "displayed either on a screener through special or stereoscopic displays," and enhanced by sensory information such as sounds that emanate from headphones or speakers (Gajera, n.d., p. 3). There are modern applications that provide force feedback or tactile information, which are generally used for gaming and medical applications. To experience this, multi-modal devices such as the omni directional treadmill, the Polhemus boom arm, or a wired glove is used, as in Figure 1 at Appendix Page (Gajera, n.d.). Michael R. Heim, in his book entitled, "The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality," has named seven applications of virtual reality: network communication, full-body immersion, telepresence, immersion, artificiality, interaction and simulation (Gajera, n.d.).

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In light of these, a virtual environment may be defined as a digital space in which a user's activities are monitored, and "his or her surroundings rendered, or digitally composed and displayed to the senses, in accordance with" those activities (Fox, Arena and Bailenson, 2009, p. 95). According to Jesse Fox, Dylan Arena, and Jeremy N. Bailenson, the critical element of the most fascinating virtual reality experiences is the hindering real, sensory impressions; a user's senses are engaged in the virtual world, with the body consigned to a reality engine, as in Figure 1 at Appendix Page (Fox, Arena and Bailenson, 2009, p. 95).

Technically, the virtual reality system uses both software and hardware which allow developers to produce virtual reality systems (Riva, 2009). The hardware elements receive inputs coming from devices that are manipulated by the user, and sends "multi-sensory output" to generate an imagery of a virtual world (Riva, 2009, p. 337). Meanwhile, the software element of a virtual reality system does not really create the virtual world. Rather, there is a separate software which projects the virtual world through the use of the virtual reality software system (Riva, 2009, p. 337). Hence, a virtual reality system is made up of a graphic rendering system, a "database construction and virtual object modeling software" (337), and the input and output tools (Riva, 2009).

The Impact of Virtual Reality on Society

Virtual Reality has taken the world by storm, and is now tagged as the next dominant technological development. In the same way as the Internet, virtual reality was created for a specific purpose - but modern technology has made it more versatile. At first, virtual reality was conceptualized as a new medium of entertainment; but as time passed, it has found more useful uses from providing online education, to applications in the medical field and giving hope to people with terminal diseases. Currently, virtual reality is used in (i) businesses, specifically in the presentation of graphs and charts, (ii) industries like the automotive industry's manufacturing arm, (iii) military for simulations and training, (iv) medical field for treatments of various ailments and disorders, and (v) education, specifically in laboratories, online education and virtual museums (Fortune City, 2010). It is foreseen that in the future, virtual reality will further enhance training at medical schools, commercial airlines, the Air Force, and will even be utilized by clothing manufacturers in the form of virtual reality shopping (Fortune City, 2010).

Education

Educators and scientists have joined forces all throughout the U.S. to establish virtual reality education to students and teachers alike, through the use of head-mounted displays (HMD), Immersawalls, ImmersaDesks and Cave Automated Virtual Environments (CAVEs), see Figure 3 at Appendix Page (Rusch, Sherman and Thakkar, 2002, p. 205). CAVE has a standard size of 10' x 10' x 10' space and has a floor, ceiling and three walls. Students utilizing this system don stereographic glasses which intensify images, and use a CAVE wand to assist that user as, i.e., molecule, or pedestrian, or fish, in navigating the virtual environment (Rusch, Sherman and Thakkar, 2002, p. 205).

This is just a bird's eye view of the role that virtual reality will play in education. Despite the fact that there are a good number of educational applications of virtual reality being availed of in the U.S. these days, the development of virtual reality has not yet achieved its maximum potential in the classroom (Rusch, Sherman and Thakkar, 2002, p. 205).

The field of Career Technical Education has begun to benefit from virtual reality. Students can explore operating rooms, submarines, a prototype car, airplane cockpits, biotech laboratories, crime scenes and agricultural farms without having to travel, through the use of virtual reality (Ausburn and Ausburn, 2008). Again, through the use of CAVEs and HMDs, students are provided with three-dimensional simulations to give them a "sense of 'being there'" (Ausburn and Ausburn, 2008, p. 43).

A good number of careers necessitate learning that will allow individuals to safely carry out their tasks amid dangerous circumstances. Because virtual reality is supremely realistic, it enables the student to benefit from active involvement with accurate and intricate visual scenes (Ausburn and Ausburn, 2008). Hence, training programs utilize virtual reality for railway and mining operations, dangerous driving scenarios, handling of hazardous materials, nuclear energy, marine exploration, space and aviation exploration, emergency medical operations, firefighting,

military and law enforcement (Ausburn and Ausburn, 2008). The aim of these training programs is to teach students how to efficiently and effectively respond under high-cost, high-risk and complex circumstances, without damaging equipment and endangering personnel while still at training.

Educational programs for courses like spray painting, bio-technology, aircraft maintenance, "crime scene investigation and forensics," (44) engineering, dentistry, surgical technology and welding also benefit from virtual technology. Because the technology is still fairly new, CAVEs are expensive to avail of. Moreover, it is also expensive to implement and sustain, because of the specialized skills that are needed to set it up and maintain it. Nevertheless, as technology continues to evolve, there is much promise for virtual reality systems that may be used through laptops or desktops, utilizing special software that are based on JAVA, Flash and QuickTime technologies (Ausburn and Ausburn, 2008). Figure 4 illustrates how virtual reality may be accessed from a web system (Ottoson and Holmdahl, 2007). Because of the benefits offered by virtual reality technologies, there is a high degree of enthusiasm surrounding it in the world of the academe. Figure 5 summarizes the benefits of virtual reality in education.

Law Enforcement

Taking its cue from the September 11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. has been innovating on taking protective measures preserve the security of its citizenry. One effective way of doing this is through the use virtual reality for training and intelligence gathering purposes. The U.S. intelligence community has been using virtual reality to simulate "actual battlefields in the future," utilizing cyber weapons for initiating attacks against terrorists and other potential adversaries (Wilson, 2008, p. 4). Military use of virtual technology is efficient and effective in training personnel manage better under potentially risky scenarios. Participants utilize avatars in virtual environments that simulate, i.e., a checkpoint in Iraq, or a New York subway tunnel subjected to terroristic chemical attacks (Wilson, 2008).

The downside is that a study conducted in 2007 showed that American firms are not ready to take the lead in embracing Web 2.0 technology which is the foundation of virtual technology in the years to come. The leaders in this area are (i) India, with plans of escalating their virtual reality investments by 80%, (ii) Asia-Pacific companies, by 69%, (iii) European companies, by 65%, (iv) Chinese companies, by 64%, (v) North American companies, by 64%, and (v) Latin American companies, by 62% (Wilson, 2008, p. 4). Number one in the list, India, has been showing a strong economic presence in the global markets. Figure 6 indicates its industry production forecast until 2012 (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2010).

The implication here is whether the U.S. can protect its citizens if its virtual reality servers and communication systems were operated by another country - very much possible, by an enemy nation. Under wraps in the virtual reality program of the military is "Sentient Worldwide Simulation," which will depict mass casualty events, that not only need military action but medical interventions as well. Hence, this program includes virtual reality hospital rooms that emulate military and civilian facilities, populated by avatars representing victims, casualties,

nurses, the National Coast Guard and other first responders. Other training simulation modules are "Urban Resolve," for urban war fighting in Baghdad in the year 2015, with over two million simulated objects (Wilson, 2008, p. 5). In addition to this, "Noble Resolve" is being developed, which is a training exercise covering "homeland security scenarios" in the event of a terroristic attack (Wilson, 2008, p. 5).

Meanwhile, police unites utilize virtual reality programs such as the Meggitt Training System which teaches basic firearms skills and responses in "both shoot/don't shoot decision making (Griffith, 2009). The Los Angeles Police Department uses the IES Milo System; the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority Police Department uses the Advanced Interactive Systems; and, the Phelps County Sheriff's Department uses the IVR-300. Most of these systems permit multiple students in the virtual environment (Griffith, 2009).

Medicine

Techniques in virtual reality are increasingly being utilized in medical education, treatment and diagnosis (Yellowlees, 2009). Early adoptions of virtual reality in the field of medicine pertained to representation of intricate data emanating from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) (Yellowlees, 2009). Recently, virtual reality has been applied to virtual colonoscopy in which information from "contrast enhanced abdominal CT scan" is utilized to present a "fly-through of the colon" which is then used for screening for colon cancer (Yellowlees, 2009).

Phobias and post-traumatic stress disorders are also being treated now using virtual reality, Figures 7 and 8 illustrate virtual environments for the treatment of agoraphobia (Cárdenas, Munoz, González, and Uribarren, 2006). In particular, training for medical students are enhanced by the use of a virtual psychosis environment, wherein they have the opportunity to experience visual and auditory hallucinations of schizophrenic patients (Yellowlees, 2009).

As mentioned earlier, indispensable training may be provided by virtual reality for mass casualty, as well as for disaster response and medical emergencies. Although it has been found out that the use of standardized patients for training such as these were more effective because of the realism element, virtual reality simulations were more cost-effective, it was also advantageous in the sense that the simulations may be repeated unlimitedly, so that skills may be

practiced and mastered (Yellowlees, 2009). Virtual reality has been used in other areas of medicine like in chemotherapy distraction intervention, providing leisure time opportunities for people with intellectual and physical disabilities, brain damage rehabilitation for stroke victims, smoking cessation, physical therapy, autism, mental retardation and other relevant areas.

Business

Marketing efforts for businesses have been greatly enhanced by virtual reality. Business owners can now advertise their products over various multi-media, and depict a 360-degree image of products that they are manufacturing, marketing and selling. Websites have been high-tech critical missions for Top 500 companies, triggering a competition on virtual reality advertising (Kassaye, 2006). Figure 9 depicts a chart tracing these new breed of competitors and how they fare through their communication objectives (Kassaye, 2006).

Meanwhile, virtual reality is also useful for the manufacturing process, because layout planning for assembly systems and machines require "more data than the basis geometry (Okulicz, 2004). Moreover, 3D CAD Systems are not effective for plotting out production processes, and virtual reality has no restrictions as the two aforementioned processes (Okulicz,2004). In addition to this, virtual reality provides semi-immersive and/or interactive immersive visualization that is essential for the visual estimation of each manufacturing process (Okulicz, 2004).

With some slight overlap with the aforementioned field of Education, virtual reality platforms are valuable in training and education for businesses. For instance, "developing, testing and operating" sophisticated machinery and fixing it under tight tire pressure when it malfunctions are some skills that employees in the industries have to master (Blumel, Termath and Haase, 2009). Companies benefit from investing in learning platforms like the Fraunhoffer IFF Learning Platform which utilizes virtual reality in customizing training modules to suit its end users' levels of knowledge through configuration (Blumel, Termath and Haase, 2009).

Virtual Reality in the field of business encompasses a much broader scope, and development in this area is anticipated to be quick and impressive.

Conclusion

People have benefited from virtual reality in more ways than one, attesting to the fact that the it has positively impacted society in general. Education has been enhanced by virtual reality, and students have been provided a new dimension of learning that prepares them for their chosen careers more efficiently. Meanwhile, security measures being adopted by the government have been highlighted with modern technology, especially virtual reality. Police and military forces can now be trained for highly-dangerous scenarios, without actually exposing them to great risks. On the other hand, the medical field has furthered its growth due to the advent of virtual reality. Of the advantages of virtual reality, this is one of the most significant because of its potential in asisting scientists discover life-saving technologies and techniques. Lastly, business enterprises also benefit from virtual technology, to enable organizations to compete more in international markets. Virtual reality has a long way to go, and more benefits are anticipated for humankind.

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Appendix Page

Figure 1 Virtual Reality (Images from Google)

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Figure 2 Virtual Environment (Gajera, n.d.)

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Figure 3 Virtual Reality in Education (Rusch, Sherman &Thakkar, 2002)

Figure 4 Virtual Reality and the Web System (Ottoson and Holmdahl, 2007)

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Figure 5 Benefits of Virtual Reality in Education (Blumel and Hasse, 2009)

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Figure 6 Industry Performance History and Forecast, India (Economic Intelligence Unit, 2010)

Forecast summary

(% unless otherwise indicated)

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Real GDP growth

8.8

8.6

8.8

8.7

8.6

8.6

Industrial production growth

10.9

8.4

9

8

7.9

7.9

Unemployment rate (av)

10.8

10.6

10.6

10.4

10.1

9.7

Consumer price inflation (av)

11.7

6.5

5.2

5.2

5.9

5.6

Consumer price inflation (end-period)

7.4

5.8

5.2

5.5

5.7

5.5

Short-term interbank rate

12.4

13.4

13.5

13.2

13.2

13.2

Gov't balance (% of GDP)

-5.5

-5.3

-5

-4.3

-4.1

-3.5

Exports of goods fob (US$ bn)

208.3

231.6

257.9

291.4

328.9

371.3

Imports of goods fob (US$ bn)

-334.9

-373.7

-429.2

-498.6

-578.9

-677.4

Current-account balance (US$ bn)

-32.5

-36.8

-42.7

-50.5

-51.1

-55.2

Current-account balance (% of GDP)

-2.1

-2.1

-2.1

-2.1

-1.8

-1.7

Total foreign debt (year-end; US$ bn)

237.9

256.9

280.4

308.5

337.9

367.4

Exchange rate Rs:US$ (av)

46.14

46.53

45.43

44.1

43.1

42

Exchange rate Rs:US$ (end-period)

46.34

45.98

44.77

43.6

42.55

41.45

Exchange rate Rs:¥100 (av)

49.24

52.73

51.77

50.84

50.12

48.84

Exchange rate Rs:€ (av)

64.28

60.12

54.06

50.72

49.13

47.88

(c) Economist Intelligence Unit 2010

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Figure 7 Virtual Environment No. 1 for Agoraphobia (Cárdenas, et al., 2006)

Figure 8 virtual environment number 2 for agoraphobia

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Figure 9 New Breed of Competitors Using Virtual Reality (Kassaye, 2006).

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