History Essays

How Aware Were German Citizens of the Holocaust

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

This investigation assesses the extent of how much the average German knew of the Holocaust during WWII. In order to evaluate this, the investigation examines the situation of Germany at this point in time. ...

How Britain Has Changed Into A Multicultural Britain?

Example essay. Published: 1st May 2017

In this essay I am going to discuss whether Colin Holmes was correct to state ‘From a study of British history it is possible to question the widespread vision of Britain as a country characteri ...

How Castro Was Able To Overthrow Batista History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Cuban experienced revolution in 1953 with the attempted attacks on the Moncada Barracks which later failed. The failure caused the overthrowing of Fulgencio Batista dictatorship regime. The failure o ...

How Christianity Influenced The Roman Empire

Example essay. Published: 20th Aug 2021

Ancient Rome was one of the most powerful ancient civilizations, which received its name from its capital city – Rome. Strong influence on the development of Roman civilization had a culture of the Etruscans, Latins and Greeks. ...

How Close The Schlieffen Plan Came To Success

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Schlieffen Plan was a strategic plan produced by the German General Staff in the early 20th century. The plan was designed to deal with the threat of encirclement, as Germany had France to the ...

How Colonialism Underdeveloped Africa History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The proposed topic of summer project is Scramble of Africa. Firstly lets discuss what colonialism is and how did it take place in Africa. Colonialism means exploitation by stronger country over a weak ...

How Decolonisation In British And French Colonies Differ History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The term decolonisation only became widely used in the 1950’s and 60’s after World War II when the rate of decolonisation increased making it a central part of international relations. Bro ...

How Did Bismarck Unify The Warring German States History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian-German statesman whose actions unified Germany, made it a major player in world affairs, and created a balance of power that kept Europe at peace after 1871. He is p ...

How Did China Resist Western Influences?

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

In the 19th Century, during the Qing dynasty, China had little communications with Western countries due to their self-sufficiency. However, the British smuggled opium into China, the Chinese found ou ...

How Did Civil War Change The United States History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Civil has been one of most important event in the American history and it put the nation in most critical phase after its independence. The war made an impact from different angles and some of the ...

How did Napoleon Create and Maintain Power in ‘Animal Farm’

Example essay. Published: 10th Aug 2021

In George Orwell’s famous novel Animal Farm, Napoleon used many tools of propaganda to gain power and control over the farm. The sheep perhaps were his most important tools throughout the novel. They were, without doubt, a deciding factor in Napoleon’s rise to power. ...

How Did Nationalism Arise In Southeast Asia History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Colonial powers began as early as the first decades of the sixteenth century. From the 16th century until the 20th century, the major colonizers in Southeast Asia were European powers, including the B ...

How Did Octavian Seize Control Of The Empire History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The main problems that Octavian faced in his ascension to power were building public support for him, the destruction of any opposition or factions which could post a political threat to him, and fina ...

How Did Stalin Achieve And Maintain Power?

Example essay. Published: 27th Apr 2017

Josef Stalin-real name Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili – was born in Georgian small city Gori on 9 December 1879.Stalin grew up as an only child, the son of Vissarion(nicknamed Beso) and Yekat ...

How did the Communist Party Affect the Position of Women in the USSR?

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

How did the Communist Party affect the position of women in the USSR? Communism; and idea or system in which every person shares everything equally be it work or reward. However to an ol ...

How did The Industrial Revolution affect the Working Class?

Example essay. Published: 1st Mar 2017

The Industrial Revolution first started in Great Britain during the 18th century. It was a period when the main source of work changed from agriculture to industry, and society from rural to urban. ...

How did the Medici Bank become the Greatest and Most Influential Bank during the Italian Renaissance?

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

 The Medici bank is regarded as one of the most significant banks during the renaissance in Italy in the 1400s. This banking house was founded in the year 1397 when Giovanni di Bicci de’ M ...

How Did The Minoans Influence The Mycenaean Civilization History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Mycenaean civilization transpired during the late Bronze Age or the late Helladic period around 1600 B.C. Excavations at Mycenae were undertaken by Heinrich Schliemann only to be found that during ...

How did Transportation Change During the Industrial Revolution?

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

The world had gone through two industrial revolutions. The first revolution began in the 1700s. And the second revolution happened in the 1860s. ...

How Gorbachevs Reforms Ended Communist Rule History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

How Gorbachev’s Reforms ended Communist Rule in the Soviet Union and the Cold War. After the Second World War, the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) and the Unites States (U.S.) emerged as the two superpow ...

How has coltan exploitation affected the people of Eastern Congo?

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Coltan is a combination of columbium-tantaline and as of 2000 was one of the most important strategic minerals found in the Congo. Coltan is a vital ingredient in the manufacture of capacitors, the el ...

How History Shapes Writing of Literature

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

History plays a major role in the way literature is written, as it influences and manipulates authors perspectives in different ways, which shapes the way literature is written. ...

How Hygiene Has Changed Over The Years History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Oral hygiene is one of the most important hygienic places of your body. If it is not properly token care of it can cause problems throughout the body. Our ancestors figured this out many years ago and ...

How Innovative Was Henry Viis Kingship History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Henry VII was King of England from 1485-1509, winning the crown at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which ended the Wars of the Roses. According the John Guy, “few in English history have ascended ...

How Italy Was Involved In The Cold War History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Italy can be described as having been on the front line during the cold war. Additionally, it can be described as having contributed to the war in two ways. To start with, it was the Southern end of C ...

How Modern And Ancient Military Conflict Differs History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

How does modern military conflict differ from ancient military conflict? What accounts for these differences? Ancient warfare began before history was recorded to the end of the ancient period. Ancie ...

How Radical was the American Revolution?

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

The American Revolution was seen as a crucial event in the 18th century as it was the first time where a colony that Britain controlled was able to successfully declare independence. Historians h ...

How Significant Was The Wannsee Conference? – Essay

Example essay. Published: 11th Apr 2017

The significance of the Wannsee Conference has been one that historians today have left relatively uncontested. The documentation that survives from the time is vitally important in understanding the ...

How Slaves Were Treated Before The Civil War History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Before the Civil War, slaves worked hard for no pay. They were treated unfairly, like objects, rather than the white man. Many arguments, compromises, and decisions made about slavery tore the United ...

How Stalin Became The Leader Of The Soviet History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Stalin became the sole leader of the Soviet Union while he was regarded to the Politburo as a minor player who had no chance of defeating Trotsky. Was Stali ...

How Stalin rose to power over Trotsky

Example essay. Published: 17th Jul 2017

The weaknesses and failures of Stalin’s opponents were not the main reason why Stalin rose to power over Trotsky. However, it did slightly affect the outcome of the power struggle. In some historians’ point of view they hold the conviction that Trotsky had no talent for leadership among equals ...

How Supportive Were The German people of Nazi Anti-Semitic Policy

Example essay. Published: 10th Aug 2018

This essay will look the extent to which Germans were supportive of Nazi anti-Semitic policy mainly through the lens of the Goldhagen debate. It will have to explore three interrelated but distinct conceptual questions ...

How Technology Changes America History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The United States of America has always been a unique place. It is a country that constantly changes because it welcomes new ideas and new concepts and gives them a place to grow. In fact, changes t ...

How the Aeneid portrays Caeser Augustus

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

One obvious notion of pro-Augustan propaganda that almost serves as a blunt reminder of the original purpose of the epic shows up in Book Six, where Aeneas travels to the underworld and talks with Anc ...

How The African Cultures Have Developed History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Introduction: There is no doubt that African cultures have in one way or the other influenced the cultures in other parts of the world. Africa is known to be a culturally rich society and an analysis ...

How The Black Death Spread In Europe

Example essay. Published: 4th Aug 2021

The Black Death that spread in Europe during the late 1340’s and killed about half of the population was perhaps the worst period in European history and one of the most devastating pandemics in human history ...

How The Chicago Worlds Fair Reflected America

Example essay. Published: 24th Apr 2017

The Fair depicted two completely different sides of America at that time. On one hand, national pride made up the positive side of the social reflection. ...

How The Cold War affected International Relations

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2020

This essay will look at ways the Cold War affected international relations between 1945-1990. The frightening power of nuclear weapons imposed a bar on their use, a ‘self-deterrence’ that operated even when the West enjoyed a monopoly ...

How the Cultural Revolution Affected Beijing Opera

Example essay. Published: 6th Jun 2017

Beijing opera is a longstanding tradition in Chinese culture. It has been celebrated for many years, between high and low classes alike. It is intricate and specific. It has wrestled its way through r ...

How the economy was affected by the bubonic plague.

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Medieval people called the catastrophe of the l4th century the “Great Pestilence.” The Black Death is the name later given to the epidemic of plague that took Europe by storm, between 1347 ...

How the Elizabethan Era was Built

Example essay. Published: 21st Sep 2017

Eva A. Flynn Architecture from during the Elizabethan Era has largely helped to shape architecture in England today. The Elizabethan era began when Queen Elizabeth came into power. This was from vag ...

How the Japanese Turned Success into Failure in Burma

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

This article looks to assess how the Japanese turned success into failure during the Burma campaign of 1944. Specifically looking into the battle for Imphal and Kohima, as this is the major turni ...

How the Lands of Siam Were Ceded

Example essay. Published: 12th Oct 2021

When historians study the modern history of Siam, they are contested on the question of whether Siam was ever colonized. ...

How The Role Of Women Has Changed History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The role of women has greatly changed since 1840. One of the most significant changes for women has been with the power to have control over their bodies. In the 1840’s women had the idea that t ...

How the Romans Viewed Themselves and Their Empire

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Introduction The Roman are thought to have been important in laying the foundations for the subsequent history of the development of empires throughout the ages, even to the present day. ...

How The Supply Of Water Affecting Ancient Societies History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Water is life – there could be no life without water. Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Rome, Egypt and China understood that water is not simply a valuable resource without which survival i ...

How The White Australia Policy Shaped Australia History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Historically, immigration plays a major role in Australia. The White Australia Policy (WAP), and its eventual repeal, played a significant role in shaping Australia in the twentieth century. The White ...

How Was British Rule In India Positive History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The British introduced many positive things to India, in particular after 1858, when the British Crown took over control of the territories previously controlled by the British East India Trading Comp ...

How Writers Convey Their Message Thorough Literature History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In literature, many writers use animals as symbols to convey their message to their readers. Many writers use animals as metaphors. In literature, writer’s job is simplified if their stories tal ...

Hundred Days Of Reform In China History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Hundred Days of Reform (1898), which in Chinese history, was referred to an imperial attempt at renovating the Chinese state and social system. It occurred after the Chinese was defeated in the Sino- ...

Ideas That Shaped The Modern World History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

We studied six revolutions during our course, the scientific revolution, the English revolution, the glorious revolution, the American revolution, the French revolution and the industrial revolution. ...

Illegal Migration From West Africa To Europe History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Illegal migration from West Africa to southern Europe has increased rapidly in recent times. An illegal migrant is defined as anyone who migrates to a country without any form of identification. Since ...

Image Of Augustus As Potrayed In Res Gestae History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Augustus who was born Gaius Octavius and he is viewed as the first emperor of Rome. He was born on 23 September 63 BC and lost his father at a tender age of four years. Nevertheless his reign in Rome ...

Immigrants in Canada: Positive Adjustment And Integration

Example essay. Published: 28th Apr 2017

Immigration has become a large and important part of Canadian society. People from all over the world are migrating to Canada in search of prosperity for themselves, and their families. It is the main ...

Impact Of 19th Century European Colonialism History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

This paper will examine the impact of 19th century European Colonialism on the Third World. Firstly I will provide a definition of the terms ‘colonialism’ and ‘Third Word’, sec ...

Impact of Arthur Scargill on the Failure of the Miners’ Strike

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Assess the view that the main reason for the failure of the miners’ strike in 1984 was the leadership of Arthur Scargill The failure of the miner’s strike in 1984 has been seen by m ...

Impact of Boxer Rebellion on China’s World Relations

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

What impact did the Boxer Rebellion have on China’s relations with the rest of the world? The Boxer Rebellion instigated an unprecedented coordinated military response from international powers af ...

Impact of Chamberlain’s Munich Agreement on World War Two

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

To what extent did Neville Chamberlain’s miscalculation of Hitler contribute to the cause of World War Two? On September the 30th, 1938, British and French Prime Minister, Neville Cham ...

Impact of Charlemagne on the Church

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Charlemagne Charlemagne (2 April 742 AD – 28 January 814 AD) was a medieval emperor. He was the Kings of the Franks from 771 – 814. Charlemagne was a very important ...

Impact Of Colonization On Hauora Maori

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2017

Tikanga, coming from the Maori word tika which means true or correct, has a wide range of meanings – culture, custom, ethic, etiquette, fashion, formality, lore, manner, meaning, mechanism, meth ...

Impact of Cultural Revolution on China

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

What effects did the Cultural Revolution have on life in rural China? Introduction In 1966, China’s Communist leader Mao Zedong launched a movement in which became to be known as the Cultural Revol ...

Impact of Einstein’s Discoveries

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

TOPIC: DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF EINSTEIN’S INVENTIONS ON SOCIETY INTRODUCTION Albert Einstein is one of the most celebrated scientists in history. His work helped bring a new era of discovery and know ...

Impact of Gaius Marius’ Reforms

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

The Ancient Roman Republic civilisation formed in c. 509 BCE and lasted until circa 27 BCE, whilst Rome was founded in c. 753 BCE. The Roman Republic would go on to conquer the entirety of the It ...

Impact of Giuseppe Garibaldi on the Italian Unification

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

 ‘Giuseppe Garibaldi was the most significant figure in Italian Unification between 1796 and 1900.’ How far do you agree?   As the question states, the fact that Garib ...

Impact of Greek and Roman Civilization

Example essay. Published: 13th Jun 2017

INTRODUCTION There is no ancient history without the mention of Greek and Roman civilizations. Ancient civilization was part of the history that formed the basis of the world we know today. Many peop ...

Impact of Hernán Cortés’ Colonial Exploration

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Hernán Cortés’ actions had far reaching impact in historical past. His conquest for the Aztec Empire, one of the biggest powers in the New World, led to an increase of the Spanish Colonial Em ...

Impact of Industrialisation of Wales

Example essay. Published: 6th Sep 2017

Industrialisation in Wales made a large impact on many different parts of Welsh life and culture. The Welsh language, which throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries faced many challenges, was not excluded from this; it is clear to many that industrialisation had a large impact on the Welsh language as a whole during this period. ...

Impact of Industrialization and Capitalism on Nineteenth Century Germany

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

A discussion on the impact of industrialization and capitalism on nineteenth-century Germany and how these phenomena shaped the social, economic, and political conditions of daily life. ...

Impact Of Korean War On China History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The Cold War was a struggle process between the two major world powers: the United States backed by Western nations and the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, including China, Vietnam and Eastern Eu ...

Impact of Norman’s Conquest on Ireland

Example essay. Published: 20th Sep 2017

Daragh Mc Mullan   Use archaeological, historical and literary evidence to assess the impact of the Norman conquest on Ireland’s political, social, economic and cultural systems. https://en. ...

Impact Of Photojournalism Upon Important Of American Culture History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

From its inception in the 1850’s, photojournalism has played a major role in shaping American history. Photojournalism, broadly defined, is the communication of news through pictures. It has ex ...

Impact of Rock and Roll in the USSR on the Downfall of Communist Ideologies

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Rock in the Soviet Bloc To what extent did the birth of underground rock and roll in the USSR assist in the downfall of Communist ideologies during the Cold War? Tabl ...

Impact of Secular Music on Church During the Middle Ages

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

Secular Music and its impact on the Church during the Middle Ages From the years 500-1400 A.D, western music reflected some of the social and religious developments that occurred during ...

Impact Of Slave Trade On Africa And Africans History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

The trans-Atlantic slave trade marked an important time in the history and map of the world. This essay is an attempt to examine the impact of Slave trade on Africa and Africans in the Diaspora. It be ...

Impact of Slavery on a Child

Example essay. Published: 6th Sep 2017

Life of a Slave Child It is hard to imagine growing up in the slave era. With the luxuries that even the poorest of children have in current times, makes the life a slave child even more unbelievabl ...

Impact of Spanish Colonization on Indigenous People in Trinidad and Tobago

Example essay. Published: 16th May 2017

This essay will examine both the mayor reasons for the Spanish arrival in the new world and analyse the impacts that their colonization had on the indigenous people in Trinidad and Tobago. ...

Impact of Stalin’s Five Year Plan

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

There were many reasons for the 5-year plan during Stalin’s reign. During the 1920s the agricultural production of the Soviet Union had dropped 20% of the amount during 1913. The industry production had also been affected as it had dropped 13% of the 1913 levels ...

Impact of Terror on the French Revolution

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

How far do you agree that Terror was necessary to save the Revolution?   In the space of around a century, beginning in 1789 and ending the in the late 1790s, the politica ...

Impact of Thatcher’s Right-to-Buy Policy

Example essay. Published: 6th Sep 2017

Analyse the impact of Margaret Thatcher’s right-to-buy policy in the Housing Act, 1980. As Margaret Thatcher was preparing for the 1979 general election, she promised in her Conservative manif ...

Impact of the American Revolution on Women

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

The American Revolution could be argued to be a time of freedom, where America was finally able to establish their independence. However, that independence was selective because women were not ab ...

Impact Of The Anglo Norman Colonisation On Agriculture History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

In this paper we are going to comment the different events which led into the transformation of the Irish society during the Anglo-Norman colonisation, regarding key social activities such as agricult ...

Impact of the Bubonic “Black Death” Plague on Medicine

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

The Bubonic “Black Death” Plague Manifesting in Europe, the epidemic referred to as the Bubonic “Black Death” Plague wiped out an estimated one to two-thirds of Europe’s p ...

Impact of the Cold War On Vietnam Economy

Example essay. Published: 25th May 2017

After two protracted wars with the French colonial empire, followed by a thirty year conflict with the US superpower, Vietnam was economically devastated. However, during the following forty years Vie ...

Impact of the Digital Age

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

INTRODUCTION The digital age refers to present time use of machines and computers to present information. The digital age had an overall impact on our societies and day to day activities. It has a lo ...

Impact of the Dred Scott Case

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Dred Scott was an enslaved African American man within the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and of his spouse and their two girls within the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 18 ...

Impact of the Dublin Foundling Hospital on Childcare

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

A vulnerable child suffering from desertion, the death of its parents, or extreme poverty is the epitome of ‘deserving’ in the eyes of most Christians. Yet, prior to the opening of the Dublin ...

Impact of the English Civil War (1642–1651)

Example essay. Published: 19th Dec 2017

The English Civil was an important part of English Revolution in 17th Century. It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. ...

Impact of the Enlightenment on French Society During the Revolution

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

The way of life in Western Europe underwent drastic transformations during the late seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries. The lifestyles of the populace and aristocrats alike were transforme ...

Impact Of The First World War History Essay

Example essay. Published: 1st Jan 2015

Do you agree with the view that Indian desires for independence from British were caused mainly by the impact of the First World War? There is certainly a considerable amount of evidence pointing towa ...

Impact of the First World War on the Rise of Arab Nationalism

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

In what ways did the First World War create an atmosphere favourable to the rise of Arab nationalism? Answer with reference to two case studies. In most of the times, isms lead to the c ...

Impact of the First World War on Women’s Rights in the UK

Example essay. Published: 23rd Sep 2019

To what extent was the first world war the most important factor in improving women’s right between 1900 and 2017 in the UK? The First World War was one of the many factors that ...

Impact of the Furman v. Georgia Case

Example essay. Published: 18th May 2020

Whether people believe it or not, the consequences and outcomes of our actions are predicated on the time period and or people involved. With such a dynamic world, the eras we find ourselves in w ...

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

Can you imagine life without these machines? Backdrop Although the medieval period of history was marked by religious teachings, famous rulers, wars, art, architecture, etc., the modern period of ...

Impact of the Manhattan Project

Example essay. Published: 29th Sep 2017

How the Manhattan Project changed the world Nuclear weapons. Some love them, others despise them. Some say there use was necessary to win World War 2, others think that their use was the product of o ...

Impact of the Mormon Faith on Native Americans

Example essay. Published: 21st Sep 2017

Bre Wilson Natives have always been viewed as “savages” needing reform and as being “inferior” to other people-upon contact, the Mormons were no exception. In 1947, the LDS C ...

Impact of the Panama Canal Construction

Example essay. Published: 7th Aug 2019

Abstract The Panama Canal is a large piece of United States history. This famous canal was made by the United States in order to find a waterway that connected two oceans, the Atlantic and the Pac ...

Impact of the Pax Ramana Peace Treaty

Example essay. Published: 3rd Nov 2020

The Pax Romana was a peace treaty that had existed between cities in the roman empire. This paper provides an overview of the pact and the influence it had on shaping the future. ...

Impact of the Progressive Movement on US Politics

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

Discuss three major changes in race relations that resulted from Reconstruction.   When the Reconstruction occurred, one major change was the 14th Amendment. This law c ...

Impact of the Punic Wars on Roman Society

Example essay. Published: 11th Aug 2021

The Punic Wars had a number of important impacts to the Roman society and politics. By 164 BC, Rome was a very different country then before the Punic Wars that saw immediate and long term effects. ...

Impact of the Rosetta Stone

Example essay. Published: 8th Feb 2020

   The Rosetta Stone is an old Egyptian artefact that was discovered by the invading army. The artefact stone has the writing on it that was made in three different languages which incl ...