Studies on the Production of Fruits in India
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Studies on the production of fruits in India with special reference to Jammu and Kashmir
Abstract
Fruits provide desirable health benefits besides nutrition due to presence of various essential vitamins and minerals. Many important antioxidants are present in fruits that help the body to constantly clean up the toxic wastes. They boost the immunity and provide resistance against various ailments and certain chronic diseases. They have cracking potential to increase the economic impact of the state, country at local, national and international level. India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with production of 81.29 million metric tonnes from an area of 6.98 million hectares for the year 2012-13. Jammu and Kashmir, the northern most state of India have different environmental and topographical conditions than rest of the country, produces many horticultural products. It is the largest producer of apples in India, 77% of apple production in India belongs to Jammu and Kashmir. After harvest considerable losses occur due to ignorance, method of storage, postharvest handling and absence of postharvest processing. Awareness about nutritional, environment and economic valves, improved cultivation, use of appropriate postharvest handling strategies are important to minimize the losses.
Keywords: antioxidant, area, production, postharvest, horticulture
Introduction
Nutritional importance of fruits
Fruits contain a number of essential minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers and play essential role in human nutrition especially as a source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamine (vitamin B1), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), folacin (vitamin B9), tocopherol (vitamin E), riboflavin (vitamin A), calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, potassium (Wargovich, 2000). There contribution is estimated at 91% of vitamin C, 48% of thiamine, 30% of folacin, 27% of pyridoxine, 17% of vitamin B1, 15% of vitamin B3, 19% of Iron, 16% of magnesium, 9% of calories (Quebedeaux and Elis, 1990; Kader, 2001).
Fruits and vegetables in human diet are strongly associated with the reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’ disease, cataracts, strokes and other chronic diseases (Prior and Cao, 2000; Southon, 2000; Liu, 2003). Some components of fruits and vegetables are strong antioxidants and function in metabolic activation and detoxification of various carcinogens (Kader, 2001).
Economic importance of fruits
India comprises several agro-ecological regions with diverse soil and climate types, which provide an ample opportunity to grow variety of crops. A considerable degree of crop diversification has been experienced since the green revolution. The change in cropping pattern is towards the horticultural and commercial crops (Mittal, 2007). Horticultural crops form significant part of total agricultural production of the country and are key drivers of economic development. In India 65-70% of the population earns their livelihood through agriculture (Economic survey, 2007-08). Fruits contribute around 31% of horticultural production (Vedamurthy and Pandey, 2010). The increase in domestic and international demand for fruits in increasing day by day thereby increasing the economic importance of fruits. Contribution of horticultural crops towards agricultural GDP was about 29.5% for the year 2007-08 (Economic survey, 2007-08).
Fruit Production in India
India is the world’s second largest producer of fruits after Brazil that contributes 11.80% of the total world’s fruit production with a production of 68.46 million tonnes from an area of 6.10 million hectares annually (Kumar and Singh, 2010). In India the major fruit producing states are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa and Utter Pradesh
Factors leading to decrease in fruit production
The major losses of fruits are estimated at 35-40% due to improper post harvest management that is about 40,000 crores per year. It so causes the wastage of energy, labour and inputs involved in horticultural production (Nayak and Mukhopadhyay, 2008). So there is a strong need for the post harvest management of these perishable fruits. Post harvest management strategies are applied to the horticultural produce after harvest to increase their shelf life during storage, processing, packaging and marketing to meet the nutritional requirements of the people.
Majors that can be taken to overcome the losses
Table 1: World fruit production in metric tonnes
|
Fruit |
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2010 |
|
Afghanistan |
794,600 |
816,730 |
645,870 |
706,224 |
847,900 |
|
Albania |
118,400 |
151,400 |
167,782 |
141,489 |
370,192 |
|
Algeria |
1,995,071 |
1,201,968 |
978,664 |
1,428,102 |
3,535,544 |
|
American Samoa |
3,850 |
1,642 |
1,463 |
1,982 |
1,440 |
|
Angola |
430,000 |
427,000 |
405,000 |
447,000 |
608,100 |
|
Antigua and Barbuda |
6,749 |
8,540 |
8,511 |
9,518 |
8,570 |
|
Argentina |
5,217,423 |
6,353,140 |
5,881,204 |
7,174,114 |
7,445,843 |
|
Armenia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
244,352 |
351,405 |
|
Australia |
2,114,328 |
2,168,155 |
2,384,181 |
3,084,329 |
3,312,766 |
|
Austria |
1,096,963 |
1,082,399 |
964,144 |
1,091,955 |
734,800 |
|
Azerbaijan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
553,959 |
891,021 |
|
Bahamas |
9,175 |
12,409 |
11,077 |
26,312 |
37,000 |
|
Bahrain |
17,580 |
42,000 |
10,150 |
21,465 |
22,090 |
|
Bangladesh |
1,407,439 |
1,304,358 |
1,332,490 |
1,361,000 |
3,954,957 |
|
Barbados |
2,490 |
2,610 |
2,850 |
2,560 |
4,090 |
|
Belarus |
.. |
.. |
.. |
299,100 |
790,071 |
|
Belgium |
.. |
.. |
.. |
786,210 |
571,630 |
|
Belize |
35,405 |
83,428 |
141,662 |
381,421 |
376,790 |
|
Benin |
121,300 |
142,300 |
180,662 |
163,023 |
398,700 |
|
Bermuda |
565 |
500 |
300 |
336 |
370 |
|
Bhutan |
23,350 |
29,450 |
64,535 |
64,710 |
60,900 |
|
Bolivia |
469,540 |
555,635 |
783,195 |
999,658 |
944,470 |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.. |
.. |
.. |
80,273 |
321,265 |
|
Botswana |
6,318 |
9,150 |
11,545 |
10,600 |
5,920 |
|
Brazil |
11,465,728 |
19,473,797 |
29,823,592 |
36,986,742 |
39,286,781 |
|
British Virgin Islands |
309 |
550 |
180 |
440 |
520 |
|
Brunei Darussalam |
3,445 |
4,810 |
5,024 |
6,133 |
7,535 |
|
Bulgaria |
2,300,776 |
1,897,597 |
1,649,569 |
739,549 |
396,332 |
|
Burkina Faso |
41,600 |
55,200 |
69,831 |
90,954 |
96,450 |
|
Burundi |
1,247,000 |
1,168,000 |
1,633,000 |
1,598,146 |
238,464 |
|
Cambodia |
270,050 |
122,340 |
239,050 |
321,700 |
355,900 |
|
Cameroon |
983,457 |
1,713,340 |
1,756,896 |
1,994,151 |
3,878,820 |
|
Canada |
628,394 |
795,589 |
772,777 |
823,210 |
668,968 |
|
Cape Verde |
13,824 |
12,600 |
14,615 |
16,778 |
20,800 |
|
Cayman Islands |
516 |
583 |
314 |
558 |
325 |
|
Central African Republic |
129,820 |
168,800 |
201,900 |
259,399 |
274,550 |
|
Chad |
83,000 |
92,000 |
106,423 |
98,068 |
117,500 |
|
Chile |
1,061,240 |
1,633,588 |
2,638,980 |
3,890,170 |
5,673,600 |
|
China |
4,973,710 |
8,416,030 |
20,952,155 |
64,503,111 |
122,184,944 |
|
Colombia |
2,761,100 |
3,897,150 |
4,676,996 |
6,851,039 |
7,989,940 |
|
Comoros |
28,000 |
35,600 |
51,132 |
62,615 |
47,800 |
|
Congo |
68,700 |
113,070 |
135,844 |
222,622 |
263,800 |
|
Congo, DR |
2,134,500 |
2,627,600 |
3,450,844 |
2,426,781 |
2,540,724 |
|
Cook Islands |
15,850 |
12,525 |
4,782 |
3,677 |
1,526 |
|
Costa Rica |
1,299,210 |
1,337,764 |
2,410,266 |
3,810,786 |
4,620,366 |
|
Croatia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
540,881 |
458,235 |
|
Cuba |
306,012 |
853,467 |
1,535,526 |
2,251,114 |
1,794,869 |
|
Cyprus |
432,319 |
344,802 |
393,246 |
282,984 |
185,661 |
|
Czech Republic |
.. |
.. |
.. |
562,195 |
181,221 |
|
Côte d'Ivoire |
1,001,352 |
1,464,548 |
1,569,720 |
2,347,117 |
2,187,000 |
|
Denmark |
163,961 |
146,608 |
102,268 |
54,840 |
68,500 |
|
Djibouti |
0 |
0 |
1,956 |
3,457 |
3,185 |
|
Dominica |
63,100 |
35,760 |
96,771 |
69,805 |
53,830 |
|
Dominican Republic |
1,169,659 |
1,340,100 |
1,599,980 |
1,032,324 |
2,196,055 |
|
Ecuador |
3,781,542 |
3,966,510 |
4,524,825 |
7,670,506 |
9,292,075 |
|
Egypt |
1,450,330 |
2,284,135 |
4,617,539 |
6,966,124 |
9,581,146 |
|
El Salvador |
194,450 |
251,282 |
291,084 |
302,098 |
439,319 |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
13,500 |
10,500 |
40,600 |
51,039 |
69,200 |
|
Eritrea |
.. |
.. |
.. |
3,800 |
4,400 |
|
Estonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
26,538 |
5,071 |
|
Ethiopia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
703,202 |
683,500 |
|
Fiji |
8,612 |
10,685 |
12,846 |
18,006 |
18,628 |
|
Finland |
62,700 |
104,000 |
21,092 |
18,661 |
16,793 |
|
France |
17,040,995 |
14,601,267 |
11,942,965 |
11,265,355 |
8,691,815 |
|
French Guiana |
4,540 |
2,021 |
6,763 |
15,707 |
17,610 |
|
French Polynesia |
2,544 |
3,171 |
7,741 |
9,728 |
15,483 |
|
Gabon |
123,300 |
190,900 |
240,001 |
294,226 |
324,710 |
|
Gambia |
3,000 |
3,500 |
3,517 |
5,607 |
8,600 |
|
Georgia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
471,917 |
260,000 |
|
Germany |
5,367,781 |
4,750,807 |
4,854,934 |
5,290,538 |
2,200,529 |
|
Ghana |
1,034,097 |
978,300 |
923,900 |
2,391,420 |
4,363,630 |
|
Greece |
3,003,094 |
3,519,917 |
3,922,607 |
4,151,486 |
3,230,090 |
|
Grenada |
34,255 |
27,518 |
25,811 |
16,631 |
14,600 |
|
Guadeloupe |
132,280 |
88,577 |
116,416 |
142,661 |
87,390 |
|
Guam |
747 |
1,089 |
1,873 |
2,380 |
3,220 |
|
Guatemala |
659,100 |
753,791 |
1,150,517 |
1,973,393 |
3,951,700 |
|
Guinea |
545,000 |
673,100 |
855,803 |
997,310 |
1,218,700 |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
36,700 |
46,750 |
61,403 |
79,888 |
87,050 |
|
Guyana |
42,167 |
32,710 |
50,249 |
73,963 |
33,615 |
|
Haiti |
799,800 |
1,003,600 |
1,016,171 |
1,005,481 |
976,660 |
|
Honduras |
1,499,923 |
1,646,227 |
1,388,235 |
783,281 |
1,357,185 |
|
Hungary |
2,030,432 |
2,531,215 |
2,306,901 |
1,726,674 |
1,124,272 |
|
Iceland |
13 |
10 |
11 |
17 |
30 |
|
India |
15,786,680 |
20,357,397 |
27,717,104 |
43,000,880 |
84,791,100 |
|
Indonesia |
3,576,000 |
4,268,214 |
5,973,043 |
8,412,930 |
14,867,762 |
|
Iran |
1,784,725 |
3,144,125 |
7,163,554 |
12,287,684 |
12,126,041 |
|
Iraq |
542,880 |
1,155,020 |
1,523,030 |
1,739,200 |
1,094,014 |
|
Ireland |
32,500 |
23,200 |
23,000 |
26,334 |
48,170 |
|
Israel |
1,548,475 |
1,926,160 |
2,002,746 |
1,263,269 |
1,278,486 |
|
Italy |
19,349,138 |
21,429,443 |
17,112,381 |
17,989,619 |
16,907,895 |
|
Jamaica |
396,869 |
332,255 |
360,046 |
425,044 |
363,608 |
|
Japan |
5,552,900 |
6,227,900 |
4,905,691 |
3,820,890 |
2,898,550 |
|
Jordan |
61,370 |
86,155 |
255,408 |
238,727 |
279,918 |
|
Kazakhstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
263,490 |
222,110 |
|
Kenya |
534,110 |
1,126,610 |
1,303,636 |
2,148,118 |
2,933,336 |
|
Kiribati |
3,370 |
4,530 |
5,000 |
5,649 |
9,400 |
|
Korea, North |
218,000 |
848,000 |
1,305,000 |
1,333,157 |
1,559,200 |
|
Korea, South |
429,259 |
933,406 |
1,917,459 |
2,625,572 |
2,733,554 |
|
Kuwait |
470 |
1,113 |
1,933 |
11,250 |
18,353 |
|
Kyrgyzstan |
.. |
.. |
.. |
188,139 |
197,601 |
|
Laos |
75,650 |
90,300 |
128,500 |
192,967 |
238,200 |
|
Latvia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
53,992 |
14,608 |
|
Lebanon |
561,776 |
721,100 |
1,185,000 |
845,600 |
976,290 |
|
Lesotho |
14,000 |
15,000 |
17,709 |
14,500 |
14,700 |
|
Liberia |
98,020 |
120,200 |
106,779 |
170,662 |
208,700 |
|
Libya |
82,132 |
179,145 |
311,644 |
314,710 |
386,050 |
|
Liechtenstein |
120 |
70 |
130 |
156 |
180 |
|
Lithuania |
.. |
.. |
.. |
112,500 |
47,719 |
|
Luxembourg |
.. |
.. |
.. |
33,632 |
26,652 |
|
Macedonia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
407,811 |
452,643 |
|
Madagascar |
623,775 |
733,033 |
796,700 |
890,600 |
941,460 |
|
Malawi |
260,000 |
374,950 |
481,428 |
755,498 |
1,032,600 |
|
Malaysia |
865,300 |
938,073 |
1,108,638 |
1,210,733 |
1,144,862 |
|
Maldives |
6,050 |
7,900 |
6,350 |
9,560 |
10,051 |
|
Mali |
98,100 |
124,800 |
155,060 |
251,993 |
814,100 |
|
Malta |
11,871 |
10,563 |
13,729 |
6,457 |
10,085 |
|
Martinique |
184,928 |
116,929 |
284,295 |
355,478 |
208,860 |
|
Mauritania |
17,300 |
15,200 |
12,087 |
24,900 |
23,000 |
|
Mauritius |
8,948 |
3,583 |
8,370 |
13,076 |
21,285 |
|
Mexico |
4,478,970 |
7,617,469 |
9,371,183 |
13,306,460 |
15,255,598 |
|
Micronesia, FM |
.. |
.. |
.. |
3,088 |
3,830 |
|
Moldova |
.. |
.. |
.. |
953,163 |
792,435 |
|
Mongolia |
2,250 |
3,200 |
400 |
255 |
578 |
|
Montenegro |
.. |
.. |
.. |
.. |
74,338 |
|
Montserrat |
1,129 |
800 |
629 |
880 |
830 |
|
Morocco |
1,466,620 |
1,670,800 |
2,008,842 |
2,680,770 |
3,292,411 |
|
Mozambique |
304,470 |
322,500 |
381,400 |
290,768 |
368,810 |
|
Myanmar |
707,502 |
806,590 |
950,342 |
1,416,000 |
2,135,100 |
|
Namibia |
6,500 |
8,000 |
9,839 |
16,413 |
42,225 |
|
Nauru |
140 |
200 |
255 |
336 |
340 |
|
Nepal |
112,000 |
135,000 |
413,310 |
844,633 |
1,276,791 |
|
Netherlands |
678,466 |
618,730 |
561,700 |
710,936 |
671,390 |
|
New Caledonia |
9,000 |
11,634 |
2,576 |
3,723 |
3,733 |
|
New Zealand |
241,574 |
356,774 |
845,479 |
1,107,466 |
1,035,200 |
|
Nicaragua |
176,900 |
324,000 |
302,149 |
210,359 |
198,814 |
|
Niger |
30,000 |
38,100 |
43,800 |
70,377 |
262,000 |
|
Nigeria |
4,469,000 |
5,172,000 |
6,382,000 |
9,283,273 |
9,979,700 |
|
Niue |
1,070 |
1,786 |
580 |
835 |
1,170 |
|
Norway |
110,944 |
116,614 |
118,838 |
30,730 |
24,241 |
|
Oman |
69,900 |
110,120 |
181,850 |
335,107 |
351,600 |
|
Pakistan |
1,577,473 |
2,459,743 |
3,885,741 |
5,186,374 |
6,506,993 |
|
Palestine, State of |
.. |
.. |
.. |
237,452 |
175,350 |
|
Panama |
1,170,109 |
1,149,953 |
1,311,587 |
845,000 |
610,300 |
|
Papua New Guinea |
844,642 |
1,025,700 |
1,278,160 |
1,666,300 |
2,421,900 |
|
Paraguay |
604,615 |
612,750 |
520,031 |
464,369 |
569,845 |
|
Peru |
1,815,537 |
1,462,600 |
1,773,837 |
3,187,425 |
4,815,557 |
|
Philippines |
3,501,197 |
7,890,910 |
9,011,008 |
10,750,541 |
16,181,731 |
|
Poland |
1,209,504 |
1,565,656 |
1,418,773 |
2,246,589 |
2,773,640 |
|
Portugal |
2,221,803 |
1,952,512 |
2,417,640 |
1,917,415 |
1,721,050 |
|
Puerto Rico |
293,137 |
282,870 |
224,190 |
221,276 |
200,818 |
|
Qatar |
2,000 |
5,350 |
7,402 |
17,542 |
24,430 |
|
Romania |
1,901,047 |
2,536,774 |
2,400,950 |
2,596,229 |
2,173,916 |
|
Russia |
.. |
.. |
.. |
3,401,450 |
2,461,520 |
|
Rwanda |
1,659,100 |
2,089,100 |
2,833,770 |
2,304,207 |
2,940,980 |
|
Réunion |
16,930 |
25,307 |
44,157 |
53,335 |
59,360 |
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
1,100 |
1,250 |
842 |
756 |
906 |
|
Saint Lucia |
92,879 |
80,152 |
190,541 |
78,309 |
64,130 |
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
SaintVincentandtheGrenadines |
33,320 |
33,816 |
88,874 |
52,614 |
71,480 |
|
Samoa |
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