Changing Environment Housing
To what extent does the position of social housing in Scotland reflect the issues that are discussed in this article?
In their article ‘Welfare Safety Net or Tenure of Choice? The Dilemma Facing Social Housing Policy In England', Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) explain and reflect upon the changing environment of social housing in England. This essay will provide a summary of their article before analysing the position of social housing in Scotland compared to that described in England. Key similarities and differences between the two countries with regard to social housing will be provided with evidence from the current literature. Finally, the conclusion will assess if the positions of social housing are really that different in Scotland and England.
The key questions asked by Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) are: who and what is social housing for? Through an analysis of the past 30 years and a description of current social housing policy in England the article suggests answers to the question of access. The underlying paradox of future policy and thus access to social housing in England is explained as the “continuing commitment to the ‘safety net' role” emphasised in the 2000 Housing Green Paper and the “explicit ambition” to provide a more mixed ‘tenure of choice' thus widening the possible market.
Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) use the work of Stephens et al (2002) to define the key element of social housing as being its access “determined on the basis of ‘administrative criteria' rather than just ‘pricing rationing'.
They then go on to describe the changing environment of social housing in England and cite housing association's increasing share of stock, the falling number of rented properties in general and the change of age structure within the sector as important factors.
The history of the ‘needs-based' allocation systems using the development of objective point scoring prioritization is explained as the progressive orthodoxy of the 20th Century which still remains prevalent in today's legislation and guidance. A concise case against needs-based allocation is then provided with the key points including residualisation and the coercive nature of such a system leading to points chasing behavior. This background provides an excellent backdrop for the changes that occurred in the late 1990s when “the standard ‘take it or leave it' social housing allocations model became increasingly difficult to defend in light of rising aspirations and expectations of consumer choice” (Mullins & Pawson 2005 p138). Choiced-Based Letting (CBL) Schemes are provided as the current government response to develop and open up the sector with more emphasis on the customer's choice and therefore the encouragement of otherwise unsuitable or unwilling participants in social housing. Initial findings show that vulnerable groups are not being excluded by the new system although there are certainly questions around the suitability and impact of a more choice led approach on the poorest.
The position of Social Housing in Scotland
The social housing sector in Britain has historically been centralized and thus true variation in policy and practice has been limited. However, devolution and the enactment of legislation to set up the Scottish Parliament have led to the opportunity for divergence within both (Walker et al 2003 p177). The next two sections will analyse similarities and differences within the Scottish social housing sector and that in England as described by Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007). It is important to mention here that it is impossible to detail all of the similarities and differences and thus only the most clear and important have been chosen for this discussion.
Similarities with Scotland's Social Housing Sector
There has been a global move towards private housing provision in government policy and therefore it is unsurprising that there are clear similarities between the English context described by Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) and that in Scotland. An important similarity is that housing has risen on the agenda and been revived in both countries (Stirling & Smith 2003) which may be due to its importance in addressing and meeting new evolving community needs in today's societies when so much emphasis is placed on home ownership and stability.
Another commonality is that both Scotland and England are facing a crossroads (CHI 2006) as the purposes of their social housing sector change from those in the 20th Century. The CHI (2007) describes this crossroads as a choice to either continue providing for the housing needs of the most vulnerable or diversify to meet some of the wider needs of the community with a range of tenure options. This is exactly the same situation described by Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) which resulted in the CBL schemes in England.
Finally, key to the need for an evaluation of housing policy, is the changing demographic whom it is serving. Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) state that in England more than a quarter of all council tenants in 2003/2004 were at least 70 years old whilst in Scotland single pensioners are the most common type of household found in the sector (CHI 2006). This will change in the next decades, as the next generation is largely a home owning population who will not need the support of social housing. Both sectors are facing an increase of younger people as the new entrants into social housing and with that comes new needs and mobility patterns. Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) state that commonly older renters “will have lived in the sector their whole lives, their low propensity for mobility stabilizing their local neighborhoods and tenure as a whole”. This will change in both countries and the possibility of a more transient need in social housing as discussed by Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) is applicable to both England and Scotland. This development has been criticised as a reinforcement of the view of social housing as solely for the poorest and most vulnerable groups as a ‘last resort' for housing (Sarah Glynn 2007). Adding to this hollowing out of those participating in the sector in both countries is the Right to Buy policy which encourages and supports households who wish to purchase their homes through regulated schemes. The Right to Buy means that the economically able are moving away from social renting, resulting in the poorest and most vulnerable making up larger percentages of the social housing sector (Satsangi and Dunmore 2003 p202 and CHI 2007 p7).
Differences with Scotland's Social Housing Sector
Midwinter et al (1991) states “there has been acceptance in Whitehall that Scotland's housing needs are both qualitatively and quantitatively different from England's” (p92). This is perhaps more evident since the devolution of parliament and the difference in policies that is now emerging. Only one difference has been selected for this discussion as it is so impacting and key that a more in depth analysis was felt important.
Although the tenant bases of both countries are changing in similar ways the starkest difference between Scotland and England is the allocation process in the social housing sector. In England, as already mentioned, the CBL scheme is being piloted and successes are being reported (Fitzpatrick and Pawson 2007). However, Scotland is being much more cautious in its approach and is keeping to its rights based traditions (Stirling and Smith 2003 p156). The Homelessness Task Force explain “we are concerned that (CBL schemes) do not operate in ways which deny homeless people the opportunity of participating, or in ways which restrict the stock of housing available for homeless people” (CHI 2002). One of the main purposes of CBL schemes is to introduce choice. The Scottish Government is enhancing applicant choice through Common Housing Registers (CHR) that will ensure people have fair and open access to housing lists and assessment processes whilst working with landlords to encourage choice, response to need and the use of stock in lettings (Stirling and Smith 2003 p151). This is whilst the Homelessness Act 2002 removes duty of authorities in England to have a register at all (Stirling and Smith 2003 p156).
Conclusion
Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) conclude that in England “whatever the government's ambitions, in high demand areas at least, social renting will remain a ‘safety net' tenure catering mainly to those in greatest need.” The social housing allocation policy may differ between England and Scotland but the outcomes here are the same; the safety net is still available for those who most need it.
They also conclude that social renting performs different functions in different areas of England, with the delivery of choice more successful in the North and Midlands and that this is the “congenial outcome of these policy endeavors”. Scotland is also being encouraged to diversify its social housing policy in order to widen the target population and bring regeneration to areas suffering from residualisation (Sarah Glynn 2007) and this will be more appropriate in some areas than others.
This essay has summarized the Fitzpatrick and Pawson (2007) article regarding social housing policy in England. The key similarities and differences were then given with reference to Scotland. Although there are significant differences in the social housing sector in England and Scotland, there are also significant similarities, most prominently and importantly the desire to provide housing to the most vulnerable of the country.
Bibliography
Chartered Institute of Housing (CHI) (2002) ‘Strategic Approaches to Homelessness: A Good Practice Briefing'. (Coventry, CIH)
Chartered Institute of Housing (CHI) (2006) ‘The future for Social Renting in Scotland'. (Coventry, CHI)
Chartered Institute of Housing (CHI) (2007) ‘The Future of the Social Housing Sector in Scotland in Delivering Successful, Mixed Communities: CIH in Scotland Position Paper'. (Coventry, CHI)
Fitzpatrick, S. & Pawson, H. (2007) ‘Welfare Safety Net or Tenure of Choice? The Dilemma Facing Social Housing Policy in England'. Housing Studies, 22, (2) pp.163-182
Glynn, S. (2007) ‘Safe as Houses'. Scottish Left Review, Issue 42. http://www.scottishleftreview.org/php/upload/slr-140-I42SG.htm
Jellinek, D. (2006) ‘Social Housing In Scotland: Tenant Participation and Community Cohesion'. (Authority Forum Report, CIVICA)
Midwinter, A., Keating, M. & Mitchell, J. (1991) Politics and Public Policy in Scotland (Basingstoke, Macmillan)
Mullens, D. & Pawson, H. (2005) ‘The Land That Time Forgot: reforming access to social housing in England'. Policy & Politics, 33, pp135-148
Satsangi, M. & Dunmore, K. (2003) ‘The planning System and the Provision of Affordable Housing in Rural Britain: A Comparision of the Scottish and English Experience'. Housing Studies, 18 (2), pp.201-217
Stephens, M., Burns, N. & Mackay, L. (2002) ‘Social Market or Safety Net? British Social Rented Housing in a European Context' (Bristol: The Policy Press)
Stirling, T. & Smith, R. (2003) ‘A Matter of Choice? Policy Divergence in Access to Social Housing Post-devolution'. Housing Studies, 18 (2), pp.145-158
Walker, R., Mullins, D. & Pawson, H. (2003) ‘Devolution and Housing Association in Great Britain; Enhancing Organizational Accountability Housing'. Housing Studies, 18 (2), pp.177-199
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