Kyoto Protocol Countries
Under such diverse natural conditions, over a billion people speaking different languages, following different religions and living in rural and urban areas, live in harmony under a democratic system”( India NATCOM,2004
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community that means ‘‘Annex I'' countries (basically the member of the OECD, minus Mexico, but plus Eastern European countries) for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five year period from 2008 to 2012. 180 nations have ratified the treaty to date. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”
There is a major difference between the Protocol and the Convention, the Convention (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) encouraged industrialized countries to alleviate GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so.
After the Reorganization that the developed countries are primarily responsible for the present elevated levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a consequence of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol puts a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”
The Kyoto mechanisms
Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanism. The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.
Here is the history how Clean Development Mechanism came in to the force.
1991 Introduction of the concept "Joint Implementation"
by Norway
1992 The basic concept of joint projects is outlined
in the Framework Convention on Climate
Change
1995 At the first FCCC conference of the parties
(CoP-1) in Berlin, a pilot phase for joint GHG
reduction projects was initiated (respective
projects are called Activities Implemented
Jointly, short AIJ)
1997 Brazilian proposal to establish a Clean Development
Fund
1997 CoP-3 decides to establish JI and CDM
2001 CoP-7 adopts the Marrakech Accords, including
more detailed rules for CDM; election
of CDM Executive Board (EB)
2002 The EB starts its operation and drafts additional
rules and procedures
2003 28th July, first two baseline and monitoring
methodologies for CDM projects accepted by
the EB (after having rejected 14 proposals a
month earlier)
Flexible mechanisms - The Kyoto Protocol includes three mechanisms -
Art.6 (Joint Implementation),
Art.12 (Clean Development Mechanism)
Art.17 (Emissions Trading),
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