Smoking Ban Cigarettes
My research paper will discuss the impact of Smoking ban in London and the way it has affected the public. Further on whether it has affected the places where it has been banned and might be affecting various areas of organizational performance. The negative as well as positive consequences of it will be highlighted. The proposal will start with the introduction and background research. It will also consist of the aims and objectives, methods which I will be using to complete my research. Further on Literature view and Limitations then I will conclude by giving a timetable which exemplifies scheduled working on my dissertation. My paper type is ‘Descriptive Research' because this type of research is related to market functions and consumer observation as well as characteristics of groups such as consumers, target market and salesperson.
INTRODUCTION
Smoking is one of a massive issue of our nation today. Smoking is highly addictive and many of regular smokers carry on until the day they die. Doesn't mean they haven't tried to stop. Most smokers take up this habit in their school years by looking at other. Some of them smoke for fun but becomes addictive to it thereafter. Some just want to impress the opposite sex. You could perhaps go out walk around your neighborhood and you will see groups of teenagers smoking. In fact, there are 6,000 teens that start smoking everyday and 3,000 would decide to continue smoking. Even if they don't decide it becomes their habit. If a person smokes five or more cigarettes a day, it is most likely that they will become a regular smoker. On the other hand, statistics say that if smoking does not become a regular habit by age 19, there is 90% chance that they won't get this killing habit. According the doctors and different authors smoking causes painful death. What have cigarettes done for society, nothing but taken away millions of innocent lives. Each year thousands of people die from smoking. Smoking has benefited the companies nothing else. Approximately 430,000 people die from the effects of cigarette smoking in the world [‘Rob Burke']. Smoking not only effect you personally but it can also harm others around you. Smoking is a very popular habit; everybody knows that smoking is very dangerous but still they don't care and kill themselves. Smoking is kind of suicide because you know that it affects your health in a bad way, still you smoke which makes you die one day.
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HEALTH ISSUES
Smoking is one of the serious health issue faced by our nation. According to some researchers it has been proved that second hand smoke causes the same problems as regular smokers do. Asthma and lung cancer are the main health issues caused by smoking. It has also been demonstrated that non-smokers who lives with smoker have 20%-30% chances to have lung cancer. According to the ‘International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization' in 2002, non-smokers are rendering same problems as regular smokers. According to the statistics, tobacco is one of the biggest causes responsible for increasing the death rate.
[http://www.wiredforhealth.gov.uk]
DISEASES CAUSED BY SMOKING
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RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Smoking ban means that smoking in the public places is prohibited by the government. It is a criminal offence to break this law. Giovanni Battista Castagna, born in Rome, who has been Urban Pope for 14 days, this short period gave him the title of being the world's first known for public smoking ban. He threatened if anyone who took tobacco inside the church, whether smoking, chewing, and sniffing.
http://www.123exp-biographies.com
In 1990, the city of San Luis Obispo, California became the first city in the world to ban smoking at all public places, including bars and restaurants. Nicotine patches was introduced in 1992. In 1998, California imposed a complete smoking ban that includes ban of smoking in bars, buses and all domestic airline flights of six hours or less, while workplace smoking ban forced in 1994. The success and succeeding recognition of the California ban encouraged other states to ban smoking as well. MacDonalds bans smoking in all its restaurants in 1994. In the same year many tobacco companies claims that nicotine is not addictive.
In 1995 New York City passes Smoke-Free Act to have a clean and healthy indoor.
1997Federal judge rules that US Government can regulate tobacco as a drug.
1998 46 US states embrace $206bn agreement with cigarette makers over health costs for treating sick smokers. Tobacco executives testify before Congress that nicotine is addictive under current definitions of the word and that smoking may cause cancer.
1999 UK hospitality industry introduced Voluntary Charter on Smoking in Public Places. Pubs and restaurants introduced signs, alerting customers to their policy on smoking.
2000 Jury awards penalizing damages of nearly $145bn against five US tobacco companies after a class action in the state of Florida. Canadian health minister introduces graphic warnings on cigarette packs in Canada. Supported by FOREST, cross-Channel shopper Gary Mullen goes to court and wins back 5,000 cigarettes that had been seized by Customs at Dover.
2002 British Medical Association claims there is 'no safe level of environmental tobacco smoke'.
UK Government forced to increase cross-Channel shopping guidelines from 800 to 3,200 cigarettes per person.
Greater London Authority Investigative Committee on Smoking in Public Places calls for more research into passive smoking but declines to recommend further restrictions on smoking in public places.
2003 New York City bans smoking in all public places (31 March).
Advertising and promotion of tobacco banned in UK.
2004 Ireland bans smoking in all enclosed public places, including pubs, clubs and restaurants (31 March).
2005 Northern Ireland minister Shaun Woodward announces that smoking will be banned in all enclosed public places in Northern Ireland from 2007.
2006 Scotland bans smoking in all enclosed public places including every pub, club and bar, and some outside shelters. Guidelines give local councils the power to ban smoking in outdoor public parks (26 March).
Members of Parliament vote overwhelmingly in favour of a ban on smoking in all enclosed public places, including pubs and private members' clubs, in England and Wales, from 2007 (14 February).
Spain bans smoking in the workplace (1 January) but allows bars and restaurants in excess of 100 square meters to have a designated smoking room. Bars smaller than 100 square meters can choose to be 'smoking' or 'non-smoking'.
On 1st July 2007 in London smoking in public places and workplaces has been made illegal and against the Law. It also includes pubs, night clubs, shops, markets restaurants, taxis, minicabs, hotels, parks, offices, warehouses. This law will maintain the healthy environment where everyone can relax, travel and shop freely. The most important health issues related to secondhand smoke will left in past. Now everybody can have fresh air full of oxygen free from pollution.
When we look at 30 years back people were allowed to smoke anywhere they want whether it is a restaurant, pub or any workplace. Now in 2007, smoking is made illegal in schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, banks, bars, restaurants, public places such as parks, grounds, bus and train stations etc. There were areas at football stadiums and other sports stadiums where people can smoke but not when they are sitting in the row of seats but now it has been banned throughout the stadium. Cigarettes in markets are always behind the counters and sold to the customers that are above 18 on demand. Store workers check for ID before selling cigarettes to people that look too young to smoke. There have been some severe changes in the way things are in the UK compared to the way they were before.
Millions of people around the earth want to quit smoking for severe medical reasons. Smoking is a very popular habit because of some of the main reasons:
1- Its available anywhere. Every store is selling them even they are available late nights in off license.
2- It's very addictive. Almost anyone can buy them as most of the kids are interested in smoking they think it's a style. Middle high school students are already smoking, and will even lead to using drugs such as: cocaine, weed and heroin.
But Smoking causes all sorts of cancer. It has very poor affects the human body. Every person knows how smoking can affect our health. People know how harmful it is. Second hand smoke is very dangerous to others. But still millions of people are smoking.
Everyone have different views about smoking in public places. Smokers feel it is their right to smoke where and when they want. On the other hand non-smokers feel smokers go against their rights. Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. Also business may be decrease if the smoking remains banned in public places mostly pubs and night clubs because they don't allow smokers to smoke. The British culture is like they go for drinks every weekend to put off their stress and chill out in the night club and drinks in the pubs. If they are drinking or drunk they need to smoke but since smoking is banned so now people prefer to stay at home drink and smoke at the same time. In this way these public places are not getting enough profit as they were getting before. The work place is another problem for smokers, now they have to go outside even in the winter to have a cigarette; however it wasn't restricted before to smoke anywhere.
However, smoking in public places is a danger to non-smokers health for the reason of passive or second-hand smoke. The public does not realize the significant hazards of passive smoking. Although some claim that smoking in a public place is their right and should be kept that, smoking in public places should not be legalized because it will endanger non-smokers from passive smoke and it pollutes our environment. A ban of smoking would create a healthier country.
If you are in a restaurant with your family, if someone start smoking in the same restaurant. Do you think it would be healthy? I think that would be annoying. When you eat something you want to get full joy out of it. Nobody wants to inhale smoke while eating. Besides if it's indoors all the smoke gets caught inside and I'm sure it will be hard to breathe. Finally, I think it's pretty clear why smoking in public places shouldn't be allowed. It's bad for whoever inhales the smoke. It can trash your meal if you're in a restaurant or so. It might also give chest tightness, hard to breath. The only effective way to avoid the negative effects of second hand smoke is to have a smoke-free environment whenever possible. Non-smokers can encourage smokers to walk outside to smoke and open windows to keep the room ventilated to minimize the consumption of second hand smoke.
(REDUCE CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY AND INCREASE THEORY)
PASSIVE SMOKING:
Passive smoking is uncontrolled or automatic inhalation of smoke from burning tobacco. Passive smoking is an unintentional breathing of smoke which we inhale from products like tobacco. It happens when people in that environment breathe the air which is filled with tobacco and this leads to an effect in the health of the environment. Such smoke which is inhaled by people is known as secondhand smoke or also known as environmental tobacco smoke. Secondhand smoke causes death, disease or disability to the person. Due to such dreadful diseases smoking is band in workplaces or indoor public places which includes restaurants, bars, night clubs, etc.
MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC REASONS FOR SMOKING BAN
ECONOMIC LOSS
IMPACT OF CIGARETTE ADS
ALTERNATIVES TO BAN
LAWS IN UK RELATED TO SMOKING BAN
EFFECTS OF SMOKING BAN ON SMALL BUSINESS
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In my dissertation I will be focusing on the following objectives:
1- Perform a primary data research to verify whether smoking ban has affected the markets, pubs and restaurants socially or financially.
2- Significant evaluation of how smoking ban in London has affected the lives of the people. What are the problems faced by the smokers and how it has benefited the non-smokers.
3- Investigation and discussion of workplaces if it has been affected or benefited by performing survey method.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A recent “Federal Environmental Protection Agency” reported on the dangers of second hand smoke. They found this kills fifty-three thousand non smokers a year. By putting a smoke free policy into effect, it will send a strong message about protecting health. Even though designated areas are set aside for smokers this does not really protect a non-smoker. The heating and air conditions do not filter out carcinogens well enough and the smoke drifts onto non-designated areas.
President Clinton is quoted saying that “We have got to do more to protect people in public places and clean up the air that all of us share (Rovner 571). For non-smokers, inhaling someone else cigarette smoke can be very irritating. It is bad enough that automobiles, processing plants, and other types of industries pollute our environment, but for a smoker to choose to smoke around a non-smoker is a violation of their right to clean air.”
Finally, if public smoking is kept legalized we will have major problems facing the environment. One problem is a lot of people are irritated by tobacco smoke. A man named “General C.Everett Knoop” released a report saying that passive smoking, when non-smokers breathe smoke in an enclosed area; it causes as many as five deaths a year. Smoking in a public place is an air pollutant and it can damage health in a number of ways.
According to one of the researcher: Freedom to Live or Freedom to Smoke ? Smoking has not benefited anyone but the tobacco companies. They become rich while you are smoking away priceless years of your life. Smoking not only kills the smoker but also kills the people around the smoker. I am here arguing in favor of the “outlawing of cigarette smoking.” Not for my sake or your sake, for our sake!
[Raj Sagar, Francisco Gil, Yeon Sik Kim, Tannenbaum]
BBC NEWS
The ban covers virtually all enclosed public places including offices, factories, pubs and bars, but not outdoors or in private homes.
It follows similar bans in the Irish Republic and Scotland - a ban in Wales starts on 2 April.
Ministers say it will protect everyone from passive smoking, but opponents say the total ban is "draconian".
From 1 July pubs and restaurants will have to display prominent "no smoking" signs around their premises.
Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt said the ban was a "huge step forward" which would save thousands of people's lives.
The cost of implementing the ban has been estimated at about £50m.
Medical evidence
Ms Hewitt said the ban would protect everyone from second-hand smoke, while making it easier for smokers to quit.
"The scientific and medical evidence is clear - second-hand smoke kills, causing a range of serious medical conditions including lung cancer, heart disease, and sudden infant death syndrome," she said.
"This legislation will help to prevent the unnecessary deaths caused every year from second-hand smoke, and recognises that there is absolutely no safe level of exposure." The government predicts about 600,000 people will give up smoking as a result of the law change.
The news was welcomed by health campaigners. Dame Helena Shovelton, chief executive of the British Lung Foundation, said: "This is a victory for all those of us who have campaigned so vigorously to improve public health."
She said it would reduce the death toll linked to smoking and that tens of thousands of people with lung disease would once again be able to visit pubs and restaurants.
Cancer Research UK chief, Prof Alex Markham, said 1 July would be an "historic day".
"Making workplaces and enclosed public places smoke free will bring about some of the most significant health improvements the country has seen in decades," he said.
British Beer and Pub Association boss, Rob Hayward, welcomed the announcement, saying it gave businesses "greater clarity" and would allow them to prepare their customers for the changes.
The Cabinet originally proposed prohibiting smoking only in pubs serving food, in line with Labour's election manifesto - but MPs eventually backed a total ban in enclosed public spaces in a free vote.
Simon Clark, director of the smokers' lobby group Forest, said that decision had been "draconian".
"From July next year it will not only be illegal to smoke in every pub, club and bar in the country, it will also be impossible to set up a private club run by smokers for smokers," he said.
"That's an amazing state of affairs but typical of a government that seems determined to interfere in every aspect of our daily lives."
The health secretary is also launching a Smokefree England campaign, to advise England's 3.7m businesses to prepare for the ban.
Think about your children and your brother and sisters for a moment. We spend more time in our homes than anywhere else. So chemicals circulating throughout our houses and apartments can be fairly unsettling. According to the “Environmental Protection Agency”, severe chemical disease circulates when someone lights a cigarette in your home. Those most affected by secondhand smoke are children. Because their bodies are still developing, exposure to the poisons in secondhand smoke puts children in danger of severe respiratory diseases and can damage the growth of their lungs. The effects can last to a lifetime. Ventilation systems in homes cannot filter and circulate air well enough to eliminate secondhand smoke. Because the smoke come out from the Blowing smoke away from children, going into another room to smoke, or opening a window may help reduce children's exposure but will not protect them from the dangers of secondhand smoke. You are killing your own children.
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“People do say smoking relieves stress and this is partly true, after all there is no stress when you're dead. All in all, if you smoke, stop and if you don't ever start.” [Andrew Candres]
DEMAND & SUPPLY
Supply and demand is one of the most essential concepts of economics and it is the spine of a market economy. Demand refers to how much quantity of a product or service is wanted by buyers. Supply indicates how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The connection between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand.
The demand for cigarette is the same but due to the restrictions imposed by the government, people hardly gets a time and a place to smoke. Which is affected the demand as well. Supply was the same in the beginning but due to fall in consumers market have decreased the supply of the commodity and increased it price.
[http://www.investopedia.com]
METHODOLOGY
Methodology is the methods or procedures for performing research. In simple words the study of the values or measures of analysis in a particular field. My research paper is clearly based on quantitative data which can be obtained by performing different types of methodology.
SAMPLING METHOD
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Lack of time , cost , HR, cz am the only 1 .
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data is a data that has been collected earlier in the past for different purpose. For my research paper secondary data can be obtain from the updated websites over the internet, magazines, newspapers and articles. Sometimes information can also be obtained from the T.V, radio and billboards.
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is a document, recording or a collection of data which is collected from a primary source. This is always in rough form as it remains in the same state as the time it was created by a dependable source, usually one with direct personal knowledge of the events being described. Primary sources are described as those sources closest to the origin of the information. My main objective is to research on market, public and work place. It is necessary for me to research on these subjects as I will be able to derive all this from this primary data.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Quantitative or numerical data is measured or identified on a numerical scale. It is that date that is based on facts and figures. The main techniques used for quantitative data are Survey, Observation and Experimentation. I will be conducting a survey method which will include questionnaires and interviews.
I have selected quantitative research because it is suitable for numerical investigation. As I want to get the facts and figures about the percentage of people, has been affected from smoking ban and the market up and downs through figures.
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES?
WHAT ARE PROBLEMS?
QUESTIONNAIRES
I will be conducting questioners for managers of pubs, restaurants and other private and public workplaces. I will be achieving this by sending questionnaires by post or via email. I will also be concentrating on the general public as they make the most of a cities economy. I will be asking them to fill out questioners directly be it on the road, footpath, bus and train stations and other places of congregation. The aim of this survey is to find out whether the smoking ban is going in the favour of the cities people or going against them.
WHY USE QUESTIONAIRE?
The questionnaire can be given to the people according to looking at their ages. As I have selected cluster sampling which include groups. I will be the general public to fill up the questionnaire according to their ages; I have divided the age group into four. The first group is for teenagers up to 19years old. Second group if for the people aged 20-40 years old while the third group includes people aged from 41-60. Managers of the pub and markets can also be asked to fill the questionnaires which is the forth group.
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES?
WHAT ARE PROBLEMS?
INTERVIEWS
Interviews are the source of primary data. It will be beneficial for my research paper because it is the dissertation based on quantitative data. I will be interviewing managers of the pubs, restaurants etc. to obtain primary data whether they were in profit before or has it changed presently.
WHY USE INTERVIEW?
The interview gives face to face feedback. Since I will not be having enough time so I will be conducting interviews with the managers of the pub to find out how the smoking ban has affected their business. In this way I can also obtain the primary data for my researchpaper.
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES?
WHAT ARE PROBLEMS?
PRIMARY DATA THROUGH INTERVIEW
WHY DID YOU SELECT ABOVE METHOD?
WHAT QUESTIONS WILL YOU ASK DURING INTERVIEW
LIMITATIONS
1- London is very busy public is generally not free most of the time. They have their own jobs and work to consider which will make the survey relatively difficult to conduct.
2- Appointment needs to be scheduled in order to have an interview with the managers of the pubs, restaurants and other private or public workplaces. Due to lack of time managers may refuse to book an appointment.
3- Information given might be inaccurate due to human error.
4- Transportation and Printing cost might come up as a barrier in between the research.
5- Because I am focusing on the general public so it will time consuming.
CONCLUSION
I came to conclude that smoking ban in London has affected the market in their profit margin. Where regular smokers used to buy 2 packets a day now been reduced to 1 pack a day, it became time consuming after the restrictions. Due to lack of time and places to smoke I think smoking in London is bit reduced up to certain point otherwise in the past whenever you go out you will be able to see rings of smoke. Air pollution has been reduced because people smoke in their houses. It also has some affects on the workplaces. As you already know London is busiest city, the people were able to smoke while working in their offices. Now they have to come out of the offices to smoke which is wasting their lot of time. Statistics suggests that a large number of people who drink, smoke as well. They have reduced going to pubs because when they drink they need to smoke as well thus, most of them buy drinks from the off license and enjoy their weekend at their houses. But it has affecting the inner environment of the houses. Anyhow outer environment is very healthy and I can honestly say the ratio of the smokers will be reduced.
- Anon (1998), "DoH denies plans for smoking ban law", Caterer and Hotelkeeper
- Bojanic, D.C. (1996), "The smoking debate: a look at the issues surrounding smoking bans in restaurants", Hospitality Research Journal, Vol.20, No. 1
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- Department of the Environment (1993), Smoking in Public Places Survey Report and Survey Data,
- Hooper, P. (1995), Smoking Issues: A Quick Guide,
- Royal College of Physicians (1971), Smoking and Health Now,
- Robinson, J.P., Tibbet, L., Speer, L. (1995), "The air we breathe", American Demographic, Vol.17
- Stern, Phyllis Noerager. 1995. Grounded Theory Methodology: Its Uses and Processes. In Grounded Theory 1984-1994 (Glaser, Barney G editor), Sociology Press(2),
- Sciacca, J.P. (1996), "A mandatory smoking ban in restaurants: concerns vs. experiences", Journal of Community Health, Vol.21, No. 2,
- Swanson, R. A. & Holton, E. F. III (1997) HRD Research Handbook. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
- Term 4, Lecture notes, Dec 07
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6196910.stm
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