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Free Essays - Environmental Studies Essays
Data mining for Sustainable Traffic Management on the Melbourne Metropolitan road network
Literature Review:
The main purpose of this literature review is to gain knowledge of the impacts of road congestion on normal everyday operations, the application of data mining techniques to aid in making large, unknown day to day traffic information useful for strategic network planning, monitoring and operation in order to reduce the impact of road congestion on road users and the environment.
1: Introduction:
According to (Segall and Nonis 2004), Data Mining is an efficient knowledge discovery technique which includes tools to analyze substantial amounts of previously unusable or unread data, in order to investigate recurring patterns and relationships in them if any, and make the data useful for us to forecast something important and take necessary actions as required.
Data mining thus helps translate historical data into valuable information which is very important for any Organization in the broad context of improving operations and resource efficiency, process innovation, better sales forecast, decision-management and to stand out in the competitor's race.
1.1 Data Collection and Analysis
To satisfy the objectives of this research topic, 'complete' and 'quality' traffic information from a reliable medium needs to be collected and analyzed.
(Seifert 2004) advises that any kind of numerical, textual, pictorial or video content can be used for investigation under data mining provided we find a relationship between these data sets which can lead us somewhere close to making a decision. On the other hand (Barai 2003) points out that the nature of data is very important in the field of traffic Engineering as the data determines the quality of results obtained. This implies that the source of data collection is very important for our project as real time data from a dynamic data repository system is current, up to date and gives a live picture of events compared to a static system that provides data which paints a less detailed picture of the scenario under investigation.
For our project, data is collected from the dynamic Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System or SCATS traffic management system that generates real time traffic data in textual, quantitative and graphical form on a minute by minute basis. The fields in this dataset include the intersection number, the phases(PH) or vehicle movement directions(straight, right turn, left turn), phase time(PT) or the time allotted for a particular phase cycle, No of vehicles that got out for a particular phase time(VO) and the degree of saturation(DS) on a intersection.
2: Impacts of Road Congestion
Road congestion poses a lot of disadvantages and concerns for the general public, businesses and the Environment. During peak hours, a congested road equates to reaching late to office thus reducing work efficiency and productivity. With a majority of Melbourne's population commuting by public transport, road congestion during peak office hours and emergency situations can make traveling by road a very cumbersome and inconvenient experience. Having to wait long hours for the traffic to move results in significant loss of fuel, money and patience as well.
Logistic operations can be hampered due to congestions resulting in significant losses of money on Driver wages, fuel and Vehicle maintenance. The Port of Melbourne in its enquiry submission to the Victorian Competition and Efficiency commission have pointed out this very bottleneck where 80% of its freight vehicles have had delayed pickup and delivery operations when using the arterial road network connecting the port to the suburban areas.
The Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment have forecasted an increase in Melbourne's population to 1million by year 2030. This means that there will be more vehicles on the road than road space available to accommodate them thus causing bigger congestion concerns for the Government and road users.
Environmental sustainability has been largely affected by the increase of road congestion. Statistics provided by the Department of Sustainability and Environment shows that 60% of greenhouse gases are emitted by cars in the state Victoria alone, with the city of Melbourne being the most affected. This also means that the pollution levels are significantly increasing and can bring about respiratory, mental and other health problems.
Current Techniques for sustainable Traffic Management
Present initiatives to reduce Melbourne road congestion brained by Environmental bodies are more of recommendations which will take sometime to be implemented and actually be utilized by people. Hence
Some of the sustainable ideas include increasing the frequency and expansion of Public transport systems like trams, trains and buses so that we can limit the usage of cars. Prioritizing Public transports on roads over other vehicles by keeping the cycle time for these vehicles longer during peak hours and improving facilities for cycling and walking is also included in these recommendations. (Environment Victoria 2005)
(Barai 2003) studied the applications of different data mining techniques on transport engineering and found it to be quite effective forecasting and decision making tool. An input dataset of crash test dummies was used in his experiment to study and forecast the probability of accident occurrence and to accurately specify which body part will be affected the most during an accident using inputs of Car model, weight of the car, speed and so on. (Annunziato, Bertini, Pannicelli and Pizzuti 2003)
REFERENCES:
Segall, R. S. and S. A. Nonis (2004). "Data Mining for Analyzing the Impact of Environmental Stress on Plants - A Case Study Using OSMID."
Seifert, J. W. (2004). "Data Mining: An Overview."
Scats training.ppt provided by Vicroads
Barai, S. K. (2003). "Data Mining applications in Transportation Engineering.
Port of Melbourne (2005). Submission to theVictorian Competition and Efficiency Commission Inquiry into Managing Transport Congestion
Environment Victoria (2005). Submission to the Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission Inquiry into Managing Transport Congestion
<http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/implementation_plans/07a_about_2.html> viewed 19/8/2007
Annunziato. M, Bertini. I, Pannicelli. A and Pizzuti. S (2003) Evolutionary Feed-Forward Neural Networks for Traffic Prediction
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