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Free Essays - Engineering Essays
Designing Standards Regulations
Engineering Environment Standards and Regulations (Criteria a)
Standards and regulations that govern the engineered product or service, and their influence on the engineering activities
Designing solutions that bridge the gap between architecture and construction is one of the top engineering consultancy firm Whitbybird’s speciality, the company applies its important judgment towards creating a happy and successful workplace too. Whitbybird covers a range of engineering disciplines and this complex work means that attracting the best employees is integral to the success of the firm. Innovation is the main focus of the Whitbybird’s engineering activities. Whitbybird have many engineering services such as façades engineering, structural engineering, building services engineering, fire engineering, special projects, bridge design, geotechnical engineering, infrastructure + urban engineering, and finally environmental assessment sustainability + renewables
The activities which Leonie Baker, the engineer that is currently assisting with the Engineering Environment coursework has to carry out on a daily basis design the structure of the theatre. It is important that she checks her email and has reviews with the other people working on the project as many people work with her on the same project. Also meetings are conducted, weekly, with the architects as they need to make a structure around the way in which they want it to look like, this can some cause problems so compromises will have to be made.
The design engineer is distinguished from the designer/drafter by virtue of the fact that a design engineer sets the direction of the design effort; the design engineer is the one that brings all of disciplines such as electrical, mechanical and civil engineering activities. The design engineer usually leads the project. She works with industrial designers and marketing to develop the product concept and specifications. She then directs the design effort from that point. Products are usually designed with input from a number of sources such as manufacturing, purchasing, tool making and packaging engineering.
The design engineer may direct a team of designers to create the CAD files necessary for prototyping and production. However, with the advent of solid modeling software (Autodesk Inventor, SolidWorks, Pro/ENGINEER, etc, for example) the design engineer may create the files his or herself.
The standards and regulations that govern the Aylesbury theatre are;
The Partel Building Regulations –this regulates that the Aylesbury theatre will have to have a minimum of 10% of the energy requirements used from forms of clean energy.
Environmental Legislations such as the Environmental Protection Act 1990, Pollution Prevention and Control Act 2006, Environment Act 1995 and Control Of Pollution Act 1974, Whitbybird on the environmental legislations front are providing grey water recycling this is where with proper treatment grey water can be put to good use. These uses include water for laundry and toilet flushing, and also irrigation of plants. This brings benefits such as;
Reducing the need for fresh water. Saving on fresh water use can significantly reduce household water bills, but also has a broader community benefit in reducing demands on public water supply.
Reducing the amount of wastewater entering sewers or on-site treatment systems. This can benefit the individual household, but also the broader community.
This in turn has lead Whitbybird to gain approval from the Environment Agency that surface water from the site can be returned to Bear Brook (a stream that is close to the Aylesbury Theatre) once recycled.
Noise Legislations such as Control Of Noise (Codes Of Practice For
Construction And Open Sites) (England) Order 2002, Noise Emission In The Environment By Equipment For Use Outdoors Regulations 2001 and Noise Act 1996, Noise And Statutory Nuisance Act 1993 are legislations that have influenced the engineering activities of Whitbybird Engineers, Whitbybird has a specialist advisor to avoid any acoustic impact on the surroundings by the theatre during operation. This has influenced part of the design such as the double skin to the roof of the auditorium to avoid noise pollution. Each of the layers has a specified minimum density to act as a noise barrier; this meant the engineer also had to modify designs to comply these noise legislations.
Whitbybird’s Aylesbury Theatre’s structural is designed to the British Standards (separate ones for all materials including steel, reinforced. concrete, timber etc) and according to National Building Regulations.
BS 5268 : Structural use of timber : Part 2 : 2002 Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship. Part 3 : 1998 Code of practice for trussed rafter roofs. BS 8103 : Structural design of low-rise building. This has meant that the design engineer had to create and also modify designs that are specifically in range with limits set within the standards.
The quality management system has been developed to monitor and control all the aspects of the service Whitbybird provide. Whitbybird is continually improving its performance in order to improve the service to clients and is committed to implementation of management systems which are in accordance with the requirement of ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004 to ensure there are clear guidelines for the execution of projects.
Timber will be FSC or PEFC certified and European sourced
Welsh Slate (cladding) is supplied by a ISO14001 certified firm, committed to restoring former quarry sites
Documentation Support (Criteria B)
Whitbybird engineers are consulting engineers, so their product is drawings. Whitbybird produce structural drawings for construction; these are supported by calculations and specifications such as;
The Acoustic Barrier
A barrier that reduces the noise on one side, such as the interior of a building. These may be described by a transmission loss or sound transmission class.
The transmission loss of an infinite single barrier can be predicted by the mass law:
Acoustic Barrier: where
t = thickness of the barrier [m]
p = density of the barrier [kgm-3]
f = frequency [Hz]
p0 = density of air [kgm-3]
c0 = speed of sound in air [ms-1]
Often Whitbybird are also appointed to provide a resident engineer on site who is basically solves problems if any queries arise the contractor can get a quick response and clarification on the drawings.
Also documentation such as Engineering Drawings were used to support Aylesbury theatre, these engineering drawing contain dimensions of Radii, Holes and provides tolerancing, this was used to fully and clearly define requirements for Aylesbury Theatre, and is usually created in accordance.
The resident engineer is also there to check that the contractor builds according to the drawings and specification and doesn’t cut any corners.
Quality management at practice level takes place through the quality manual, operational procedures and technical manuals. The manual is a general guide to policy, objectives, management organization and responsibilities while the procedures are a series of detailed documents relating to personnel and activities that fall within the requirements of BS En ISO 9001.
In the Environmental Legal Checklist document was used to support Aylesbury Theatre, this documentation was used to guide the engineers so that they did not break any of the UK environmental laws, for instance the Noise Act 1996, Aylesbury theatre will have to meet this act by the forms of tests and if it doesn’t meet the checklist it will be recorded in the Environmental Legal Checklist and then Whitbybird will have to make changes to Aylesbury theatre so that it meets the checklist.
These are kept under constant review. Technical Manuals provide precise guidance on design and drafting procedures and on information management.
CIBSE Guide F documentation was used to guide Whitbybird engineers on how the energy efficiency that has been undertaken compares to the benchmarks. The importance and relevance of Guide F has been given added emphasis because of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive which came into force on 4 January 2003. This Directive will give public profile to the energy efficiency performance of buildings across the UK. It will increase knowledge of how energy efficient different buildings really are. Prospective owners and occupiers will, for the first time, be able to compare one building with another and see what could be done to bring energy efficiency performance up to the standards of the best. The Directive should help stimulate substantial increases in investments in energy efficiency measures in all buildings both commercial and domestic.
Energy Efficiency (Criteria C)
Sustainable construction involves the consideration of a number of diverse issues to enable the project design brief to be met whilst ensuring that environmental impacts are minimised and resources are used responsibly.
Energy Efficiency is taken into consideration and this is what Whitbybird considered;
Producing sustainability master plans, microclimate and massing analyses
Optimising efficiency in the use of HVAC systems and energy
Simulating day lighting, fluid dynamics and thermal performance
Carrying out renewable energy feasibility studies and GLA Toolkit studies
Formulating sustainability strategies
Evaluating environmental and economic impacts of energy systems
Designing systems using renewable energy technologies
Applying for funding and grants for renewable energy technologies
Co-operating with national/international agencies and universities on research
Providing environmental and energy efficiency certification including BREEAM,
EcoHomes and SAP/NHER
Source: whitbybird.co.uk
The services Whitbybird supply in the Whitbybird sustainability and renewable energy group transform design concepts into tested building solutions. Whitbybird are problem solvers that focus on wide range issues of environmental design, with particular emphasis on sustainability and the use of renewable energy,
Work with clients and architects from the earliest stages of a project, enable design choices to be made from first principles, outlining alternative energy strategies and quantify the benefits to be gained from different approaches to siting and structure.
The interest in renewable energy is focused on building integrated photovoltaics; this is considered to have an enormous impact on building design and the economics of energy use. Whitbybird also work on module integration and energy autonomy, management and distribution. The technology is developing fast and clearly demonstrates benefits available by replacing conventional cladding materials on roofs and facades,
In producing energy conscious, low pollutant design concepts and details for the theatre Whitbybird are fully aware of life cycle costing issues. The economics of a building project will always be as significant as its efficiency, safety and comfort. This work is helping to demonstrate that an environmentally conscious design can represent long term value in changing markets.
The main energy efficiency measures utilised include a high efficiency thermal wheel to recover heat from expelled air and the use of wind catchers for natural ventilation and free cooling in the foyer space.
Displacement ventilation is used in the auditorium and large meeting room to provide free cooling and heat recovery is used where possible.
The glazed foyer also exploits winter solar gains and daylighting. Auditorium and Large Meeting Room ventilation, heating and cooling Displacement ventilation used to provide free cooling and reduce air conditioning requirements Occupancy, air quality and temperature sensors fitted to reduce or stop ventilation as required High efficiency (<1 W/l/s), variable speed fans
Use of thermal wheel, with efficiencies of up to 75%, to greatly reduce heating and cooling loads General ventilation, heating and cooling Natural ventilation used wherever possible. Where mechanical ventilation is used, low speed, high efficiency fans are specified (< 2W/l/s) Heat recovery using recuperators for mechanical ventilation, efficiencies up to 50%
Foyer ventilated and cooled using roof mounted wind catchers
Underfloor heating specified to utilise thermal mass, increase efficiency and reduce peak loading
Systems
Modulating gas burners with low NOx emissions
Increased chiller coefficient of performance (COP) by using higher water temperature and electric expansion valve
High efficiency (95%+) condensing boilers (with improved efficiency due to use of underfloor heating)
Direct feed gas water heaters for kitchen
Controls
Optimised heating control with system zoned to suit different uses
Variable temperature system with weather compensation to increase controllability and improve boiler
condensation efficiency
Variable speed chilled water pumps
Variable speed heating pumps
Lighting
Energy efficient luminaires to be installed throughout
Presence sensors to be fitted in meetings rooms and WCs
Daylight sensors to be installed in office space
Glazed façade offers maximum exploitation of daylighting
Also included are details of the energy efficiency measures to be employed on site and the renewable energy strategy. These features are aimed at drastically reducing energy use and carbon emissions for the development, as well as offering reduced running costs and supporting the development of low carbon buildings in the region.
Expected energy demand and peak load details have been estimated for the development. The early design stage means these figures may be revised, but represent the most up-to-date design and estimations available.
Although dynamic thermal modelling has not yet been undertaken for this building, the demands and loads have been estimated by considering the main centres of demand, load profiles, occupancy rates, weather data,
services strategy and energy efficiency measures. The estimated demands are given in Table for a base building i.e. the current design WITHOUT any integrated renewable energy supply. The figures are also given for
the full design, which includes a ground source heat pump system. This offers an indication of the energy saving realised by the heat pumps.
It can be seen that the Aylesbury design is significantly better in terms of energy use than the benchmarks. It should be noted that these benchmarks actually date from 1994, and the building regulations and available energy efficiency technology have evolved considerably since then. In addition, these figures do not state the extent of “additional” floor area considered e.g. the amount of circulation space, bar areas, foyers, office and meeting rooms considered. However, even allowing for these facts, Aylesbury Theatre and Entertainment Centre exceeds the good practice figures and this is due to the extensive use of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technology.
Aylesbury Theatre and Entertainment Centre will be designed with a renewable energy heating and cooling system at its core. Ground source heat pumps have been selected due to their ability to meet a large proportion of the heating and cooling demand, their minimal architectural and visual impact, minimal noise generation and excellent carbon reductions.
Four, 90kW heat pumps are to be placed in the plant room, providing the base load for the main, low temperature heating circuit. In summer, they will reverse and provide all the artificial cooling for the auditorium and large meeting room.
They will be linked to an underground pipe network which will absorb and reject heat to the ground. The pipe network itself will be embedded in the building’s structural piles, each extending 25-30m below the surface. This reduces costs as no boreholes are needed and removes the need to dig large numbers of horizontal trenches.
Overall, it is estimated that the heat pumps will reduce carbon emissions onsite by at least 10%.
Conservation of Fuel and Power
In line with the new Part L Regulations, of the Building Regulations that came into force on 6 April 2006, the preliminary Dynamic Thermal Model of the Theatre has been developed. Using recorded metrological data, the computer generated 3D model enables theatre energy performance to be accurately analysed and optimized over an operational year in order that heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation demands can be minimised.
This modeling approach has enabled the design and servicing strategy to be developed in confidence that overall energy efficiency will meet the strict Part L requirements. Essentially the carbon emissions (kg/CO2/m2/year) of the new theatre must considerably progress upon a ‘notional’ theatre building by a factor of between 18 - 28%.
The innovative energy saving measures intrinsic to the scheme will ensure this high level of improvement is met, for example, the inclusion of highly efficient services (e.g. GSHP for heating and cooling), comprehensive heat recovery, maximised daylight ingress, natural and displacement ventilation strategies and solar shading all significantly reduce operational energy requirements. As the scheme design progresses the model will be further developed and refined as more detailed design information becomes available.
Once complete it will provide the required means to demonstrate compliance with the New Part L requirements and can be submitted as evidence to Building Control for approval.
Environmental Impacts (Criteria d)
the environmental impact caused by the manufacture or maintenance of the engineered product or service
The infrastructure had skills in planning and design of roads, parking and hard standing areas; drainage, sewerage (foul and surface water) and pollution control; earth retaining structures; public health, water storage and distribution and irrigation.
The impact of Aylesbury Theatre is that new routes and roads where used for transportation of material so this had an impact as road users were diverted to a different route, this route may have been a longer route therefore car users will emit higher amounts emissions.
Aylesbury Theatres façades has frames that are made of Glulam, these are Glued laminated timber it is a structural timber product composed of several layers of dimensioned lumber glued together. By laminating several smaller pieces of wood, a single large, strong, structural member can be manufactured from timber of a limited dimension. These structural members are used as vertical columns or horizontal beams, often in curved, arching shapes. This also uses pure timber.
The impact of using timber is that you are cutting down trees and that they are manufacturing materials from the wood, this could cause deforestation and this brings disadvantages such as;
This reduces carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere, burning wood or trees (releases carbon dioxide), microbes decay / decompose wood or trees (releasing carbon dioxide accept less photosynthesis for reduces carbon dioxide removal cutting down trees for deforestation, this then can cause may cause a rise in sea level and may cause changes in the Earth’s climate ice caps to melt or flooding and cause seasonal changes.
A new public space is planned to the north west of the theatre site, with new shrubs planted and seating and lighting installed. A new pedestrian crossing close to the theatre entrance will also be put in place.
Because of the development of Aylesbury Theatre, Landscaping of Bear Brook stream will create a 'nature corridor' along the length of the site. Under the proposals, the brook will be modified to include a reed bed to encourage a more diverse aquatic habitat. A new footbridge is also planned. The scheme will also create a new shopping area on the northern side of Exchange Street, which includes a department and food store, and housing developments alongside the canal and at Circus Field
All appliances, taps, showers, toilets will be specified of low water usage Rainwater will be stored and used for toilet flushing which will reduce water usage and drainage load.
A new public space is planned to the north west of the theatre site, with new shrubs planted and seating and lighting installed. A new pedestrian crossing close to the theatre entrance will also be put in place. Transport is also improving. An increase in bus rider-ship increase in recent years and the new transport hub and improved bus station will provide even more choice and improve routes into the town itself, this in effect will cut down emission costs.
The site is in an urban area and benefits from good access to public transportation. The local train station is 400m from the theatre
The accessibility for disabled building users will be optimised with a conveniently located disabled set down position along Exchange Street, lifts designed for wheelchair use, sufficient width to accommodate wheelchair access and automatic door operation where required.
Water metering with pulsed output to the BMS will enable monitoring and minimisation of water use. No, or very little, planting or landscaping that requires irrigation will be provided. The building will cause limited additional load to the drainage system.
A dedicated storage space will be provided for materials that can be recycled (10 m³). Waste produced during construction will be monitored and segregated to encourage waste management and recycling.
Good daylight and views out will be provided by unobstructed windows
Daylight controlled energy efficient artificial lighting will provide additional lighting where required. The cladding panels and windows will be designed to have excellent thermal and acoustic properties to attenuate disruptive noise from the exterior. Fresh air intakes will be placed as far as possible from sources of external pollution such as air extracts, roads, car parking and delivery areas.
Acoustic performance has been considered to ensure minimal transmission of noise both within the development and to/from the adjacent buildings.
All insulation for the building fabric and pipework/ductwork will have an Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) of zero and a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 5. During construction works, the considerate contractors Scheme will be complied with and best practice will be implemented during construction to prevent pollution to the air, soil and groundwater. As pollution to the groundwater such as the brook next to Aylesbury Theatre, could possibly kill aquatic inhabitants.
The footprint of the new building will largely fall within land previously developed for parking spaces. The stream on the back of the building will be cleaned and turned into an “ecological” area and planted to attract wildlife. The pedestrian path at direct proximity will be diverted to another area. The architecture of the extension is in-scale with the surrounding buildings and therefore will integrate with the overall site composition.
Technologies and Techniques (Criteria E)
the technology and techniques used within the engineered product or service during its development, manufacture and maintenance
The design and the management capabilities reflect the annual investment in Information Technology.
Information Technology is used in all aspects of the design, drawing and the management of projects, administration and costing, knowledge management and internal communication.
Information technology has contributed to the development of computer integrated manufacturing technology in steelwork through the use of integrated standards.
Technologies such as E mail and the phone was used to communicate within different departments such as Whitbybird and RHWL the architects so that they could discuss certain aspects of the project and if any problems arose , Software such as Microstation helped with the design of the Aylesbury Theatre because it is the design the preferred platform as most of the formats for design files are either DWG or and DGN with microstation Whitbybird can directly edit these files they receive from Architects via email.
The theatre will also have some of the most up-to-date stage equipment, sound and lighting technology.
The computer network at the Whitbybird office is a bus network. A bus network is a network architecture in which a set of clients are connected via a shared communications line, called a bus. In the case of Whitbybird, they use computers to share and distribute files such as engineering drawings; they can share bandwidth and store data centrally.
WIFI networking is also used so that external clients such as the Architects can use their own laptops to access data. Also the use of U3 portable flash drives have been used so that portability of data
Where possible, elements composing the structure will be modular to enable rapid construction and flexibility in future adaptation e.g. the glazed façade consists of only 3 different module sizes and is arranged in vertical bays, again with only 3 different widths. This increases construction speed and reduces waste
The natural stone in the façade ensures a hard wearing and durable surface, avoiding unnecessary replacement and repairing. The use of recycled materials will be encouraged because it preserves natural resources; recycling-based system uses far less energy than a non-recycling-based manufacturing press. A recycling-based system preserves more clean air and clean water than a non-recycling based system. Recycling helps to eliminate the need for new landfills and to preserve the life of existing landfills; also for Whitbybird recycling materials is the most cost effective way of managing the vast majority of wastage.
All insulation for the building fabric and pipework / ductwork will have an Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) of zero and a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than 5 where water is considered to have GWP of 0, so for a building with a less than 5 is very good. The VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) content of internal finishes will be assessed and minimised for paints and varnishes.
The technology used to develop this Preliminary IES Thermal Model is done via micro station, so that the theatres energy performance can be accurately analysed and optimized.
Evaluation (Criteria f)
an evaluation of the engineered product or service, and suggestions for modifications to improve its design or performance.
As Aylesbury Theatre has not been constructed yet, it’s hard to evaluate whether Aylesbury Theatre has performed to its specification as it has not been made yet, although from looking at the plans and design features it will prove that Aylesbury Theatre will be energy efficient because of all the measures and precautions set in place.
Sustainable Materials
A modification I would make to Aylesbury Theatre is that instead of using the Timber used for the façade from the EU, I would use Timber from the UK although it is not strong enough; I think a steel support for the timber will add strength to it instead also makes it more environmentally friendly because the use of locally available and indigenous earth materials has several advantages in terms of sustainability and these are:
Reduction of energy costs related to transportation.
Reduction of material costs due to reduced transportation costs, especially for well-established industries.
Support of local businesses and resource bases.
Care must be taken to ensure that non-renewable earth materials are not over-extracted. Ecological balance within the region needs to be maintained while efficiently utilizing its resources.
Renewable Energy
If Whitbybird wanted to make the Aylesbury Theatre have less of an impact to the environment I would also place solar panels on the roof of the theatre, this will also meet the Partel Regulation of meeting the 10% of energy consumption from clean sources.
Energy Reduction
Another modification to improve energy efficiency is the use of timing devices and dimmer controls will allow for suitable energy efficiencies;
Timers turn lights on and off at programmed times.
Photocells react to light levels and do not need rescheduling.
Dimmers will decrease the light level and will only save energy when used constantly.
The use of occupancy sensors, in rooms that do not have natural light, an occupancy sensor can prove highly conserving when connected to background lighting. The sensor will operate the lights only when people are in the room.
There are two broad types of occupancy sensors: infrared and ultra-sonic. Ultra-sonic sensors are best in rooms with partitions or dividers. Infrared sensors are better for open areas, but this can allow light to be used sensibly in areas that are occupied as this will cut down of wastage of energy.
Insulation materials play a primary role in achieving high energy efficiencies in buildings. There has been concern over the health impacts of the material constituents of insulation ever since the problems associated with asbestos became apparent, followed by the banning of urea formaldehyde based insulation. The health concerns have currently spread to fiberglass and cellulose insulation.
For best performance from the glazing of Aylesbury theatre, solar control glass should be used for the outer pane and low emissivity glass for the inner pane. The solar control glass prevents unwanted solar radiation entering, while the low emissivity glass reduces heat loss from inside. The low e glass Low emissivity (low-e) glass has a coating that allows short wavelength energy (daylight) from the sun to pass into the house but reduces the amount of the long wavelength energy (infrared heat) that can escape through the window. That is why this type of glass is often called a “Oheat mirror”, this also blocks heat radiated from the outer pane of glass when it heats up.
Also the use of recyclable materials for insulation such as fibreglass, the 3 main manufacturers use a minimum of 20% recycled glass this provide benefits such as:
- they require less natural resource
- they divert materials from the solid waste stream;
- they use less energy during manufacturing.
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