Mammals Population Animals
An Essay on factors affecting mammals' populations in the neotropics and the challenges managing these populations.
What are mammals?
Mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of the young from mammary glands present on most species and specialized skin glands in monotremes that seep or ooze milk; the presence of a hair or fur; specialized teeth; three small bones within the ear; the presence of a neocortex region in the brain; and endothermic or ‘warm blooded' bodies and in most cases, the existence of a placenta in the ontogeny.
What all this boils down to is the right to survive in the world.
And who are we?
We are the ones would get in the way of our ego to change this phenomena for our own desire. Humans play a vital role towards the reduction in mammal population (a mammal itself), they are responsible for causing changes in the environment that hurt animals as well as plants species. We take up more space on earth for our homes and cities. Illegally hunt and kill animals or we simply pollute habitats in which animals live. A known fact is the West Indian manatee, which survives in the warm water, is easily killed when they are hit by boats or caught in fishing nets. These creatures only give birth every two to five years and they only have one calf at a time. Because of this their reproduction rate is quite low whilst their mortality rates are skyrocketing hence manatee populations are endangered.
Human use and abuse of land for agriculture, timbering, mining, suburban living are the most detrimental of our activities to wild animal population; primarily because of the inexorable destructing of natural habitat. This would be evolutionarily comparable to spread of grasslands in the Miocene or any of the great climatic changes that have precipitated biotic revolutions throughout the history of vertebrate life except for two exceedingly critical factors. Species of the natural habitat are affected or favoured by twentieth-century practices and the rate at which habitats of every kind are being profoundly altered and destroyed is unprecedented. Some species have been directly destroyed in a process called ‘reclaiming the land' for human uses. Although a number of species vertebrates have been brought to extinction as a result of human land uses, many have suffered major and perhaps irreversible reductions in distributions and density and no doubt many others will join the ranks of threatened or endangered wildlife in the nest few decades as a result of diminution and deterioration of natural habitats.
As a result, destruction towards the ecosystem brings possible climatic conditions as well in terms of global warming. Temperatures are so extreme that it has a major effect on the animal's conception activity leading to the lessening in population size. The greenhouse population control and extinction mechanism is triggered by environmental heat that shuts the pregnant female blood flow to peripheral tissues to dissipate heat to the environment, thus reducing blood flow to the uterus. And the uterine blood flow is the embryo's source for oxygen, water, nutrients and hormones plus it carries damaging metabolic heat away from the embryo.
In case of marine mammals, they are at risk when oceans are polluted for example oil spills and habitat degradation like with dolphins or whales that would inhale air through the oil slick at the surface of the water. Other side effects include the sea grass beds vital to the manatee is destroyed.
Another factor is the diverse plant population which serves as homes to these creatures and a source of food plus an interacting connection that gives a dependency towards each other. With a breakdown in this type of relationship between animals and plants (where one depends on the other) massive extinction is likely come to pass. If in the case where plants were wide off, for infrastructure purposes, animals would suffer greatly since plants are the producers and the most critical component in the maintenance of dynamic, functional mammal populations. They provide habitat and cover for numerous organism and provide a variety of other significant ecological functions such as nitrogen fixation and stabilizing the earth oxygen content which are vital for these animals. Plants and mammals are exceedingly well adapted to the harsh environmental conditions, but regardless any modification of the ecological characteristics of their fragile environment will create a threat to their survival. And most of these negative impacts would have an effect on the rainfall cycle and perhaps reduces the agricultural productivity of the area in which they live hence; there will be no food, shelter or breeding grounds.
Also based on this assumption, predator prey relationship can become imbalance. Take for instance, if the prey was the one to decrease in population in account that humans lead them to diminish then eventfully the predator would die also since there's no food for survival, it's like a chain reaction when the flow is normal everything's good and take one organism out then the chain falls normal becomes pandemonium. A typical case happens when the animals are forced to migrate from their habitats chances are they die during that journey or got eaten by other predators( possibility exists if they were hunted by humans who look for sport or just for food) so again populations are put to risk whether they stay in those damaged ecosystem or leaves it.
In the Neotropical environments in particular they are threatened by intensifying and poorly planned development. Such development has caused destruction of fragile ecosystem; pollution of rivers and beaches by industrial, municipal and human waste; and deforestation. For example in the most industrialized country, and the pollution produced in the area results in acid rain over the forest remnants. In Paraibado Sul today one of the most industrialized areas in Brazil the Sao Paulo portion of the nation's exports. The central Paraiba region, with its high concentration of industrial sites is the most heavily polluted.
Roads and buildings divide biomes and isolate many animals' fragmented habitats not just the clearing but due to the road kills and pollution caused by traffic. Many highways and buildings have been built without necessary environmental impact reports, and many are left unfinished, leaving adjacent areas vulnerable to severe erosion.
Mining reduces mammal population, when one extracts for sand, clay, or granite this gives a large surface area for flooding, erosion and silting of rivers and streams plus chemicals seeps from the hills to the rivers or lakes resulting a number of deaths in aquatic animals.
Majority of alien species that introduce themselves into the environment were neither from a tourist who brings along exotic plant species that upsets and changes the surrounding landscape. This creates am inequity for the animal's way in daily life, so measures has to be taken to correct these unreasonable acts so that the world does not have to suffer more.
To fully deal with this outcome of strain several actions must be in place to save the threatened fauna and flora.
What can we do in order to manage or prevent species from be coming rare, endangered or extinct?
Two cardinal requirement must be met if natural biotic and ecosystems are to remain intact for future generation:
Preservation of natural habitats and ecosystems on a large and representative scale and
Control of human population growth.
With effective management of preserve areas such as mountains and to tropical forest regions of carrying out safety measures there maybe be a slight chance of any animal's extinction or endangered species.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Conservation techniques would be in place when visiting a site like for mountains. Like proper disposal of garbage and plastics etc. Educate the people from the local areas, the local people are with traditional values and their culture is extremely important factors in planning, decision-making and cooperative management. Link together isolated existing protected areas by conservation corridors along the mountain ranges. Avoid deforestation which threatens biodiversity by planting back the trees that was cut down, simply do not mine in areas that have a great number of wildlife biodiversity but obtain permission from EPA or Protected areas from IUCN. Protected areas have been a key tool in the conservation of biodiversity, this is essential in conservation in nature, saving a large number of species from becoming extinct providing water, cleans air and other vital necessities of life. But considering this factor serious has lead to scientific research, conservation of biodiversity, protection of wildlife zones, conservation of watersheds, preservation of species and genetic diversity. Like any solutions, for instance in designating any area is one thing, but in knowing what to do with it is next challenge. For this matter fortunately there is principal purpose for planning for management strategies.
The environmental protection agency (EPA) has promote, facilitate and coordinate effective environmental management and protection as well as sustainable use of resources.
By making these simple adjustments one would basically decrease the high impact on population number. Other challenges would require sustainable use of resources that relate to the animal not being too under the enemy control with proper handling for resources there would be less interference with all the resources being use up. The main idea is to grasp is that there will be enough for later generations to come if we use reasonable amounts now so that the future does not go wanting needlessly.
In the southernmost extension of tropical Andean-Amazonian forests protrudes into the arid to semiarid habitats in northwestern Argentina it was analyzed based on the decline of species richness of forest mammals along forests. In addition, it was noted that in these regions species decline was due to a general effect and the drop of species from the assemblages was independent from species' traits and environmental variables. It was estimated the geographic range edges of 39 species of forest mammal and estimated the species richness with bands of 30'. The slope of the decline of species richness from north to south with the decline expected from the latitudinal species gradient the decline in species richness of forest mammals along the Yungas was significantly steeper than expected. Secondly, with a null model assuming a random drop of mammal species derived confidence limits for the expected species richness and number of range edges within the bands. None of the forest mammals reached the tip of the forest, in marked contrast to no forest mammals. More range edges than expected from the null model fell within the bands and a band near the tip of the Yungas indicating a nonrandom drop of species. The correlation between vulnerability traits and range edges suggests that processes associated with the availability of resources influence the drop of species. We propose that a suite of macro ecological attributes interacting with a decrease in habitat quality determines the pattern of species richness in the Yungas forest. There is nothing bad about technology per se. The same technology that can be used to destroy the world can also very probably be used to recreate it except in one instance: when a species is lost to extinction, it is lost forever.
Neotropic regions are of vital importance in that the highest levels of supporting and financial decision making are usually reached. Environmental agencies within governments, NGO's, universities, as well as native people and local communities are playing an ever increasing role in making this conversation and stoppage of the declining of mammal population possible. This aspect of the Neotropical world which is looked at as a dangerous continent where is still time to secure natural resources for the benefit of future generations as long as there is a dedication to learn from each others failures and successes. This is a very important step towards the protection of these rich mammal populations since for their conservation in the long term depends on the wise use of resources in the neotropically, including the development of both sustainable farming techniques and different means of production for population in the area. As a result one can therefore wrap up that with respect to the position of the neotropical mammals population it has being fairly well preserved but nevertheless in terms of its conservation it needs to be look more seriously.
Understanding the make up of the environment can only be done from the eyes of humans. In many ways, our views of the environment are a reflection of how we perceive it to be and valve things around us. Humans are the only species that seeks to understand and order its surroundings and most significantly, to assign and derive meaning.
In conclusion, we hold the core ability to change the way the world operate towards weakening of both animals and plants population.
Reference
SERGIO SOLARI, JUAN JOSE RODRIGUEZ, ELENA VIVAR AND PAUL M. VELAZICO. A FRAME WORK FOR AN ASSESSMENT AND MONTIORING OF SMALL MAMMALS IN A LOWLAND TROPICAL FOREST MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL UNVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS, JESUS MARIA, LIMA, 14 PERU
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