Cloning DNA Religions
Cloning
Cloning is the process of creation one or more precise copies from a model. The cloning is many promising technique that opens new horizons in the medical science. It could however change our life in nightmare. It is a line of thoughts for one of the most controversial realisations in modern biotechnology. There are three different types of cloning:
- Gene cloning, which creates copies of genes or segments of DNA
- Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of whole animals
- Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells
History
The first attempt of cloning of live organism became in 1997, with success, in a sheep that her name was Dolly. It was realised by Ian Wilmut and his inquiring team in the Institute Roslin of Scotland. The life of Dolly rolled well, under the monitor of scientists, but at an early date presented problems of health and died in age of six years. Her premature death puzzled the scientific community. The average life of a sheep is 12 years FDA(2002). Dolly isn't the only animal that has been cloned. Today more animals have been cloned some of them are deer, cat dog, mule, horse, rabbit and rat.
The completion of mapping of chain of human DNA is one from the most talked scientific realisations of our season. It was heard that thanks to this will, death don't exist anymore, thing unthinkable and at the same time tragic, but thanks to the progress of technology and genetics the person believes that it will accomplish him. Still, the person could anticipate somebody from the most dangerous illnesses as an example the cancer, the leukaemia and other illnesses that cannot be easily fought. Moreover, we might create persons similar from one only cell, with the process of Cloning. None scientist has claimed until now that has cloned human embryos. There were some incidents though in Korea about a successful cloned human embryo, but there were no evidences that this is true. Some other similar incidents have been come in light many times like in 2002 with a girl called eve, some people claimed that eve had been cloned but none supported it at the end. When scientists found a way which we might clone mammals or even persons from one only cell, many believed that this is trick from mass media in order to raise their numbers. Few days later confirmed that the scientists accomplished their genetic clone copies. After reportage that became on the cloning, the citizens are pessimistic for the results, contrary to the doctors which are optimistic. The cloning brings in the brain of people monsters and other scary scripts that they have seen in terror films
Cloning and religious
The scientists do not only come confronted with the big difficulties of their experiments, but also with the various religions that are completely opposite with the idea of cloning. Religious are opposite with the scientists because they support that the person was created by God, with his divine blow. Certain religions, as the Buddhism and the Confucianism, say that if the person clone is similar to him, it will come the end of the world, because the person could become similar to the God and that will destroy the world. This is error. Already the mass media reported that the Koreans made a successful cloning, from that we see he did not become nothing from what was afraid. Most religious are against cloning also because they don't accept a born without conception, conception is the start of the life.
Applications - extensions - fears
The lamb of Wilmut gave birth in experienced hopes and fears. The team of Institute Roslin discovered applications for the future of medicines. Company PPL Therapeutics, that gave the one third (750.000 dollars) for sponsoring the creation of dolly and the other two third the British Ministry of Agriculture. Animals that in their genetic material have been incorporated genes from other organism species, and have been changed in bioreactors this sheep's, or the cows, will be multiplied with the cloning and provide in their milk qualitatively different proteins or pharmaceutical substances. The company PPL has the exclusive management of Tracy, a cow that with her milk provide the human A1 protein, in quantity from 1 until 65 grams per litre of milk. The cloning with bodily cells of animals (2nd way of cloning), is used only if we want to repeat a desirable genetic material in a lot of copies. This desirable individually genetic material can be a “natural” product, which has been created in his nature with the laws of natural choice, or be result of genetic intervention from the person with the methods of genetic mechanics. In this second case the cloning repeats in big numbers organisms that did not exist previously in the nature
Even if between the scientists exists almost unanimity by referring the question if the human cloning should be prohibited strictly. The lean minority supports the opposite opinion, that this threatens the changes for the world as we know him today. In the United Kingdom, the law on the human insemination, the embryology 1990, and the law on the human reproductive cloning 2001, prohibit the cloning of person for reproductive reasons. Nevertheless, a serious danger which already has begun taking flesh and bones is that the disagreeing scientists will carry out experiments in international waters or will think something else and finally they will pass the legal protective regulations that exist in the national legislation.
On the other hand, the therapeutic cloning is on the present exceptionally argument. There are few of those that support that cloning violates the human rights and more specifically big offence in the sanctity of human life. A person that may has come in life from cloning procedure will probably face many social problems in his life, as he will not be a normal person like the others and probably some of them will face racist against them..
The further development of biomedicine is hoped that it will overflow in the direct future this serious or not moral reef. “Therapeutic cloning involves creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell” (genome, 2007). Researchers hope to use embryonic stem cells and seem that therapeutic cloning emerges at the moment the only pathway for the treatment of degenerative illnesses, as Parkinson and Altschaimer, cancer also for the realisation of guaranteed achieved transplantations and the effective confrontation of serious incidents such as cerebral, diabetes, leukaemia and wounds of vertebral column.
Cloning Animals
Cloning is a very inefficient procedure and many animals can't grow up healthy. Dolly was the only clone that was born alive between 277 embryos. This is a very low efficient, and there are safety concerns also. Scientists have observed some effects in the clones such as the size and some defects in vital organs. Some other problems are the age and the immune system.
With the procedure of cloning scientist can make clones of species that are extinct and endangered could be that would be very useful, because that species could stay alive and not die in the time. There was an experiment like that with a Asian ox known as guar but the results wasn't the best. Guar died few days after its birth (genome, 2007).
Clones do not always seem identical. Clones share the same genetic material but different conditions make the clones be similar or not. For example: “the first cat to be cloned, named Cc, is a female calico cat that looks very different from her mother. The explanation for the difference is that the colour and pattern of the coats of cats cannot be attributed exclusively to genes. A biological phenomenon involving inactivation of the X chromosome in every cell of the female cat (which has two X chromosomes) determines which coat colour genes are switched off and which are switched on. The distribution of X inactivation, which seems to occur randomly, determines the appearance of the cat's coat” (Genome, 2007).
Reproductive cloning
(Genome, 2007)
Cloning has been highly controversial issue for many years now as it makes different feelings to the people. My opinion about this issue is that cloning could be very useful to our world, but only if it is used for the right purpose. Cloning humans is not the right thing, because each person is unique in this world and has his own genetic identity so has to be protected A serious issue about cloning is that it is an experimental technology and for now it is not so safe to use it, also the results are not so good until now, so it is matter of safety. The chances for a successful clone are very low and even if the clone born alive almost all the times it dies, but scientists still hope. I think this controversial issue will continue to be debated between those that support it and those who are against it and according to analysts and researches that have been done, this issue will maintain as it is for now and it will take bigger extend in the future.
References
Use of Cloning Technology to Clone a Human Being (December 27 2002). Fda Retrieved on December 7 2007 from http://www.fda.gov/cber/genetherapy/clone.htm
Cloning age…ten (march 4 2007) bima science Retrieved on December 6 2007 from http://tovima.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=B&f=15005&m=H06&aa=1
Genome (July 3 2007). Cloning, Retrieved on December 6 2007 from http://www.genome.gov/25020028
Genome (July 3 2007). Cloning, Retrieved on December 6 2007 from http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/illustration_of_cloning.htm
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